Lords of Ether (20th Anniversary Edition) Nations

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Introduction

As a Nation you are in charge of an entire state, including its economy, industry, military, politics, even down to its individual citizens. These states may be anything from a single city in a small corner of one planet, to a vast Nation sprawling over an entire world, and the space beyond. They can be sole masters of their domain, or they can share it with rival nations or allied countries, or even Heroic temples or Transtellar guilds.

Nations are the most powerful Power a player can start with in Lords of Ether, but commensurate with that power they require a great deal of work to run properly. It can be quite challenging to manage a nation state and players who take a Nation should be prepared to make a significant investment in running their Power. The upside is that a Nation gives you the ability to be a real mover and shaker in galactic affairs, and Nations form the core around which most of the events in the game occur.

Defeat

The Lords of Ether galaxy is not an especially friendly place, and while Nations are the prime movers and shakers, your Nation could well end up being the one getting shaken, rather than the one doing the shaking. The potential for defeat and reversal exists, and sometimes you will have to accept very bad things happening to your Nation if a risky gamble fails, or a particularly nasty event swings your way.

In these dark times it helps to remember that no matter how bad things are, simply giving up is not going to make things better. Throwing up your hands in frustration and writing nothing is an excellent way to ensure the worst possible outcome. Rolling with the punches and writing a fantastic story about them is often the best way out, for things are sometimes not as dark as they seem and for those who fight on, help can often come from unexpected quarters. Even if the situation is so dire that no story no matter how good can save your Nation, an epic, well written Gottdamerung will let you go out in style, and give you very favourable consideration for bonus points towards a new replacement Nation.

Nations and Named Characters

Nations are large, impersonal things. Throughout the course of the game you may feel compelled to personalize stories by creating named characters through whose eyes you can show the events your Power is involved in. This makes for more interesting stories, and gives other players a better feel for your Power. These named characters can be politicians, local citizens, or military soldiers or officers. Of course any named soldiers have to be units that you actually possess – you can’t use an ace fighter pilot as a named character unless you have an actual Fighter military unit from which this character could come.

You can create as many named characters as you like, however while they may often be the heroes of the stories you tell about your Nation, they will not actually be Heroes in the Lords of Ether sense of the term. While in the stories they may be depicted as better than the average soldier, their abilities do not actually exceed those of any other unit with the same stats, and naming a character proffers no physical benefits.

Still, while they do not possess Character Shields as such, it can be annoying and unnecessary to write up new named characters every time a battle goes badly, so you can choose to have key characters suffer the effects of casualties last. For example, if a squadron of fighters with your named character are shot down with only one survivor, you can choose to have the named character be in the single plane that escaped, or if all were shot down, he might have successfully bailed out. Alternately, since stories are usually written after combat results are determined, you can simply choose not to have your named character have been part of a battle that turned into a massacre, if it would have been logical for him not to take part, and only have him present in battles that were glorious victories!

The lives of named characters are not always guaranteed, and sometimes due to overwhelming defeat, or perhaps a dramatic story (such as a climactic duel between rival aces), they may still be killed. This can be particularly the case for high profile named characters who are also unique units, like the admiral and crew of a powerful Super-Battleship, or the Oracle of a prominent temple, but even a named character who is just a private in an army of millions can sometimes have his number come up. The above rule exists only to prevent gratuitous assassination of a Power’s named characters.

National Character

Your Nation is entirely what you make it. Lords of Ether does not assign any intrinsic benefits to tyrannical governments over liberal democracies, or to centrally planned economies over free markets. Any such distinctions are made in your description of your Nation, and how you practically play it.

Thus, if you wish for a police state, you should start with a large number of Secret Police and Informers, or if you want a free trade economy, you should let others invest in your nation, have a large merchant fleet and make plenty of Trade Goods. There are some Advantages and Disadvantages that can be used to further define a Nation, but the specific angle those take is still up to you. For example a Fanatical Population could be the result of a bunch of indoctrinated, ignorant peasants ordered to die for the Motherland, but it could also be the result of a free society who see themselves as the greatest civilization in the galaxy and will defend their freedom to the death.

In the end, it’s all up to you, and how you physically construct your Nation. Now, on to the construction. . .

1. Creating a Nation

A Nation begins with 550 Starting Points (SP) to spend during Power creation. Disadvantages may raise this total as high as a player wishes, though taking too many disadvantages can turn a new Nation into an instant disaster.

New nations get a bonus 25 SP for every year after the start of the game. Thus if the game began in 1000NE, a Nation starting in 1003NE would get a bonus 75 SP, for a total of 625 SP.​

Advancement of Nations

You now need to decide what level of magic or technology your Nation has. Advancement is a major part of what defines a Nation, so think carefully what kind of Nation you want before choosing your Advancement levels. Quite apart from the SP cost, maxing out every tech level may not best realize your concept. It also isn’t necessarily a winning option; ultra-high Advancement is certainly very capable, but its increased cost doesn’t always give it superiority over the larger numbers less Advanced Powers can sometimes fling at it.

Advancement is broken down into ten Advancement Categories; five Technological and five Magical. These Categories each go from 0 to 599 Advancement Points. For faster reference Advancement Point numbers are often abbreviated as levels, such as Level 0, or Level 5.99. The decimals can be important as there are sub-divisions of advancement and capability within most levels, however they are not always used – if this is the case the rules will note that the fractions or decimals should be dropped either before or after a calculation.

People often talk about the overall technological or magical advancement of a Power in terms of its mean Advancement Level, describing a nation that has most of its Technological Advancement categories in the 300’s as “Tech Level 3”, or a nation that has a number of Magic Categories at 500 as “Magic Level 5”.

A Magical and a Technological Advancement Category can also be “fused” with each other to create Technomagic. To determine the cost of a fusion, take the Advancement Points in the two Categories to be fused (rounding each down to the closest hundred) and add them together. This is the price in Advancement Points that must be paid to create the desired Technomagical fusion. Technomagic is always described in Levels, which are the sum of the two fused Categories (In this case decimals are never used).

Categories that are more than a Level apart may not be fused, however a nation does not have to use its full Advancement Level of a Category when creating a fusion. Thus a Nation with Level 5 in Physics/Mathematics and Level 3 in Destruction could still fuse the two together at Level 4 Physics/Mathematics and Level 3 Destruction, to create a Level 7 Technomagical fusion for 700 Advancement Points. Powers may possess multiple technomagical fusions, particularly at low levels. The SP cost of a second fusion is half of the default cost, assuming that it is of equal or lesser level than the first.

The Advancement Categories are:

Technological	Magical
Biology	Creation
Chemistry	Destruction
Engineering	Transmorgification
Physics/Mathematics	Mental
Psychology	Movement

Nations pay 1 SP for every 10 Advancement Points they purchase (fractions are allowed).

All advancement categories, both technological and magical, for all nations default to level 100 and are increased from there. Certain Disadvantages can reduce this value. Advancement Categories and the process of creating Technomagic are described in greater detail in Section 2.a. Advancement, and Section 2.b. Research.

Population

The Population of your Nation are those who reside within its boundaries; citizens, serfs, even slaves, if that’s your penchant. Large and small Populations each have their own advantages and disadvantages. A large Population provides a large draft pool for military recruits, produces more resources, can better absorb the strain of industrial mobilization, and makes a nation more resilient to invasion by being more difficult to conquer and subdue (so long as the people remain loyal!). On the downside large Populations can often require large amounts of upkeep in the form of yearly Civil Order payments, and can be difficult to fully secure or completely monitor. Small populations take less SP to buy, are easier to upkeep and manage, and can be protected more easily (it is possible to turn a small city state into a nigh impregnable fortress) but they are also less able to sustain the pressures of war and mobilization.

Most Nations use Population Units of 1 million, though in some special cases this may be smaller. Regardless of size, a Population Unit costs 1 SP to buy, and is automatically considered “Housed.”

Housing is the infrastructure for your Population, which allows them to live and work and produce revenues and other goodies for your government. Some Nations (primarily those with the Large/Larger/Huge Population Advantage) do not have sufficient Housing for all their Population. If you have some un-Housed Population it doesn’t necessarily mean your people are living on the streets in cardboard boxes, but it does mean that you lack the means to make them fully productive members of society. Nations with large segments of their Population without Housing have vast impoverished urban slums, or far-flung under-developed rural communities, or however else you can find a way to describe the plight of the unemployed or unproductive.

For every two Housed Population Units a Nation has, they gain an Industry Production Bonus of 1 Production Point per month. Whether they have Housing or not, Nations with fewer than five Technology Levels total or more than two Technology Categories at 0, do not receive this bonus as the Population is limited to primitive subsistence practices and produces no excess production for the Nation to use.

Population Growth

Population, unlike the Production Categories, can grow naturally, though only for Nations. Growth is based on the Nation's level of industry. If Industry Production is 1/2 or lower than the Population Production Bonus, then the Nation is largely rural and its population grows at 3% a year. If Industry is equal or less than the Bonus then the Nation is industrialized and the population grows at 2% a year. If industry is greater than the bonus then the Nation is heavily industrialized and grows at 1% a year.

Actually this growth is automatic whether the Nation wants it or not. Why might you not want it? Well, because a growing population requires a continual expansion of housing and infrastructure that ultimately can be rather expensive. If the Nation doesn't pay for these things for the growing population eventually becomes a slum and poverty problem. States can live with this indefinitely if they choose, but the new Population also doesn't generate any additional Production Bonus until the required infrastructure is built.

A Nation can also artificially increase its population with increased Immigration (must be done in game) or by advanced/enforced fertility methods. Usually done with Biology (though occasionally Psychology) this costs more at the higher levels but is also more effective. Giving out fertility drugs or using psychological indoctrination can effectively increase the Population for determining all facets of growth percentages by the amount of Wealth spent. This amount can be no greater than the total actual Population (so a Nation with 20 million people could spend no more than 20 Wealth on this method). Test-tube babies are available at Biology 4, which can increase the Population for a cost of 25 Wealth per 1 million, irregardless of current Population size. Note that this cost does not include building the infrastructure for these test-tube babies once they've been gestated

Civil Order

It is often necessary to keep the People in line. The best way is to bribe them and pre-emptively prevent disturbances. This is done with either Industry (building various community facilities) or Wealth (bonuses, tax relief, etc). Usually it's 1 Point (Wealth or Industry) per population, per year. This is enough to keep most people fairly content. You don't have to pay this, but it can raise rumblings of discontent in hard times, such as distant unpopular wars or hostile takeover bids. You can increase this, pouring more into the populace, or even select areas of the populace if you are concerned about the loyalty of certain areas. There is no cap on this, but it is subject to the laws of diminishing returns.

There are also some times when the people just hate you and will not be placated, no matter how many baubles you throw their way. That's when you keep the proles in line by declaring martial law and putting troops on the streets. 10,000 men keep one unit of population in line. Security forces do it better, being twice as effective at minimum, three times as effective with propaganda. They can also be deployed without having to declare martial law.

National Draft Pool

Your Nation has a Draft Pool, equal to 10% of its Population. Unless they’re entirely automated, all military units require some Population to crew or form them. Infantry Types reduce the Draft Pool by their listed size; a unit of Unskilled Infantry would reduce it by 100,000, while a unit of Elite Infantry by 1,000. Special Forces are the exception, and reduce the Draft Pool by 1,000 for each Batch (this is because such special soldiers are very rare). All other units reduce the Draft Pool by their Base Batch Cost in thousands, so a unit of 25 fighters would take 1,000 from the Draft Pool (there may only be 25 pilots, but there are also many ground crew and support personnel) while a Super Battleship would reduce it by 5,000. Unless you have a very low Population, it is difficult to reduce your Draft Pool to zero at the start of the game but it can be done, so keep track of the numbers. Once you exhaust your Draft Pool you’ll either have to build robots or other self-aware devices, recruit mercenaries, or disband existing units.

Starting at Psychology 4 and Biology 4 a Power can conduct full human flash cloning. This option is open not just to Nations, but to Trans-stellars and even Heroes, in need of a massive influx of new bodies. Clones are added to a military, security, or agent unit as a capability that removes its Draft requirement. However, at TL4 Biology, these clones are problematic and negatively impact unit performance. Only at TL5 Biology will these Clones function 'normally' as a slotless Extra Capability.

Slave/Subject Populations

Some nations can start off with Populations under their control that are not loyal, and serve only under duress. These can be slaves, or newly conquered subjects, or perhaps a long persecuted underclass. These subjects can still be made to work, and work hard, while paid nothing or a pittance, but they pose a security risk the rest of your loyal citizens do not.

Slave/Subject Population numbers are recorded separately from your “main” population. They may be few in number, or may vastly outnumber your citizens if you so choose. If you have a Large Population Advantage, the multiple must be applied to both citizens and slaves. Thus a Nation with 5 Population Units, and 2 Subject/Slave Population Units that took Huge Population would have 50 Population Units and 20 Subject/Slave Population Units.

Slave/Subject Population Units come in sizes of one million, and every 2 Housed Slave/Subject Population Units generate 1 Production Point a month, just like normal Population. However, they cost only .5 SP per Unit, and require no Civil Order Upkeep. Housing is also cheaper to build for them, costing half as much. On the downside they must be kept in line with added security or military forces, are more likely to rise and rebel under Unrest Disadvantages, and do not add to your draft pool.

National Infrastructure

Infrastructure is an area that will likely eat up a great deal of your remaining Points. It includes the categories your Nation will use to produce things; Industry, Wealth, Research and Ether. Population Housing also falls under Infrastructure, though that has already been discussed. Industry describes the raw productive power of your Nation, and can be thought of as the sum of your mines, mills, factories, workshops and plants. Wealth is less tangible and describes your economy. Your Nation actually is assumed to produce more Wealth than this, but this value describes what you as the government can actually use. Research describes the power of your schools, universities, laboratories and institutes and is your ability to develop new technologies, or if you are magical, to train new mages as well. Ether is your ability to gain that most critical resource of all from the world around you and can be described by anything from vast fields of pumps and refineries drawing subterranean gasses to the surface, to huge magical vortexes that draw the power out of the spirit realms. Infrastructure is discussed in greater depth in section 6. Infrastructure, but a quick summary of the categories is presented below.

Industry

Industry is most critical for technological Nations as a large value allows a high production of items from war machines to munitions supplies to trade goods. Magical Nations have other means of creating what they need, but also cannot afford to totally neglect Industry as many of their magics require industrial supplies, and mages alone can’t always do everything. Industry is notable in that it cannot be “saved”. If Industrial Production is not used to produce something and instead sits idle, that potential production is simply lost. In contrast, Wealth, Ether and Research can be stockpiled if not used. Each SP you spend in this Category gives you one point of Industrial Production per Month. This is measured in Production Points or PP.

Wealth

Wealth is used to increase and maintain all the other Categories, and to pay the wages of your employees from the lowliest infanteer to the highest archmage. Each SP you spend in this Category gives you one point of Wealth Production per Month. This is measured in Wealth Units or WU. Unlike PP produced by Industry, WU can be stored and stockpiled for later use, and even traded to other Powers. A Nation starts the game with five times their Wealth Production in WU stored in the Treasury.

Research

Research allows you to increase your Advancement Categories, create new technologies and new devices, and even train more mages. In fact Magic Users are unique in that they require Research rather than Industry to produce. As a result a magical Nation should pay more attention to this Infrastructure Category. Research is also unique in that rather than producing monthly it produces yearly. Each SP you spend in this Category gives you one point of Research Production per Year. This is measured in Research Points or RP. RP can be stockpiled like WU, though it cannot be traded and can be used only by the Nation that produced it. Research used directly to increase an Advancement Category does so at a cost of 1 research per 2 points increase in that category.

Ether

Ether is the fuel for pretty much everything in the game, and this rating describes how much of it you can refine and produce. All Nations require Ether, though due to the immense power requirements of magic, magical nations can go through their stocks much faster. Of note, out of every 100 points of Ether your Nation generates, one will be found in Geode form. Geodes are extremely valuable, and are used in the most powerful weapons and magics. Ether is also notable in that it cannot be increased normally in the same manner as all the other Categories. To build more Ether refineries you must first find (or conquer!) more sources of Ether. Unless the Untapped Ether advantage is taken, it is assumed that your nation has already fully exploited all its existing Ether Resources. This means you must be sure to take adequate supplies of Ether at the start of the game as it may be difficult to secure more. Each SP you spend in this Category gives you one point of Ether Production per Month. This is measured in Ether Units, or EU. EU can also be stored and transferred to other Powers, like WU. A Nation starts the game with two times their Ether Production in EU stored in the Strategic Reserve.

Initial Production

As a final note, it is assumed that your Nation did not simply spring into existence the day you created its OOB, and that its factories were quite busy prior to its entry into the game. Thus you start the game with a number of items already in initial production and 50% complete. This number is rated in Production Points (which are used to buy military units) and is equal to the total of all your Infrastructure Categories; Industry, Wealth, Research, Ether and the Production Bonus given by your Housed Population Units.

Military Units

Of course every Nation needs a military. All the Population, Technology and Infrastructure in the world is pointless if you have no way to defend it, and the universe of Lords of Ether is not so altruistic as to make legal documents and strong language sufficient defense. Military Units are bought with Production Points, or PP. 1 SP buys 10 PP.

The rules for designing and maintaining your armed forces are detailed at length in Section 4.- 6. Military Units, and rules for mages have their own section, 8. Mages and Magic. While mages are technically purchased with Research Points or RP, for the purposes of game start, mages can also be purchased with PP (so buy what you need, because they’ll be MUCH more expensive later).

There is an additional rule to keep in mind for your starting military. You are limited in the number of so-called “super weapons” you can start with. Each Nation may only have one super weapon (of any type – not one of each type!) either in service, or in initial production. Mega Capital Ships, Planetoids, Grand Cannons, Crust Busters, Hemisphere Shields, and Oracles are all considered super weapons.

National Advantages and Disadvantages

Nations can take Advantages and Disadvantages to give themselves special capabilities, reinforce a distinct characteristic, or just to burn or scrounge a few extra points. Advantages cost you points, while Disadvantages give you more points to spend. The Advantages and Disadvantages listed below are just examples. Players can take these, or think up their own, based on the costs of existing Advantages and Disadvantages. However, if you want a new or modified Advantage or Disadvantage it must be cleared with the GM first.

Advantages

Ancient Relics (10 SP): There was an older civilization on your world before you. Long before you. Now long gone, in scattered and isolated places some of their relics remain. Most of the artefacts found are merely of curiosity value, but who knows, there may be a few big finds left. To make full use of the Advantage it is recommended a Power use Archaeologists to scour the relics.

Ancient World (25 SP): There was once a vast and advanced civilization on your world that is now long gone, but the relics of its civilization are everywhere. New cities built on the ruins of the old, strange monuments in isolated locations, and weird and often unknowable items sometimes found in the strangest places. As with Ancient Relics, Archaeologists are a good idea to get full benefit from this Advantage

Elite Security Network (25 SP): An Nation with Elite Security Network places greater emphasis on security and spies. Informers, Spy Agents, and Secret Police are all more effective, both at defending your own security and secrets, and at undermining and stealing everyone else’s. All your Security Forces start with Elite and you can choose to produce 10 new Batches of Elite security units each year.

Elite Armed Forces (75 SP): Your armed forces are the crème de la crème, the biggest badasses in your region of the galaxy. Morale is high, professionalism the rule, and leadership excellent if not inspired. All your Armed Forces (not including mages, security forces and WMD) start with Elite, and you can choose to produce or refit 20 Batches of new Elite units each year.

Space Cadets (5 SP): Your Nation has a foothold in space, with permanent bases, residences and a level of industry. This advantage can make the travel and exploitation of space easier for a Nation.

Space Dwellers (10 SP): Your civilization is not bound by the confines of a planet. You have no need to deal with pesky gravity wells or upsetting natural climates. The space of the Deep Sky is your natural habitat and favourite element.

Large Population (5 SP): A Nation may have a larger population than normal. With this Advantage the Population of your Nation is multiplied by 2. This does not change the number of Houses you have, and so has no effect on the production bonus, though it does affect the draft pool, and population upkeep. This advantage tends to create a Nation with a strong divide between the haves and the have-nots.

Larger Population (10 SP): A Nation may have a larger population than normal. With this Advantage the Population of your Nation is multiplied by 5. This does not change the number of Houses you have, and so has no effect on the production bonus, though it does affect the draft pool, and population upkeep. This advantage tends to create a somewhat squalid Nation with vast slums, but with a lot of draftable bodies, and the potential for expansion.

Huge Population (20 SP): This works much like the previous two, except the Population of your Nation is multiplied by 10. This does not change the number of Houses you have, and so has no effect on the production bonus, though it does affect the draft pool, and population upkeep. This advantage creates a nation with a small cabal of wealthy (often VERY wealthy) elites and a massive underclass of disenfranchised and dispirited common citizens.

To the Stars! (10 SP): Nations with this Advantage feel the need to get out and spread empire across the galaxy, focussing more effort and energy into developing bases and colonies outsystem. Such Nations can use their Base Infrastructure Construction Rate twice rather than just once.

Weak Neighbours (25 SP): As a Nation you are not alone on your world, but you might as well be. The other local powers are not a patch upon your nation and provide a ripe arena for home-grown conquest. The other nations start with 250 Starting Points between them (before Disadvantages). While you can create the other nations yourself, they will be edited if they are a bit too easy of a conquest – thus this advantage can end up being a mixed blessing and should be taken with great consideration.

Mystical Society (10 SP): Your population bonus produces Etheric energy rather than Industry. This change is 1 for 1 and is permanent and total – you cannot switch between Ether and Industry, or have part of the Population produce Ether and part Industry. If taken by a Magical Nation that would otherwise not receive a Population Production Bonus, this Advantage will still allow the nation to collect the Population Bonus in Ether.

Martial Society (30 SP): Your Power has an old and strong military tradition. Much of the populace is trained in the ways of war, weapons are plentiful and stored in local armouries and great armies can be quickly mobilized in times of trouble. In practice this allows a Power to form Infantry at a much-increased rate, halving your normal build-time (to a minimum of half a unit’s PP cost in months).

Fanatical Population (25 SP / 50 SP): Your People are incredibly devoted and can be urged on to great lengths for the state. Civil Order payments are twice as effective, the people will resist occupation harder and longer, and the Population Bonus also can be mobilized like Industrial Production in times of crisis. This Advantage costs 25 SP for most Nations, but 50 SP for a Nation with any of the Large or Huge Population Advantages, as Fanatical Population can make nations with large population bases very difficult to invade and conquer.

Green Fields (10 SP / 15 SP): Your Nation is unusually fertile, with a near continual baby boom. As a result, Population growth is doubled. This advantage costs a little extra for Nations with Large to Huge Populations, though runaway growth can be a bit of a mixed blessing for such nations.

Ether Rich (25 SP): Your Nation is unusually rich in Etheric energy and you can expand your Ether production.. Additionally, 5 out of every 100 rather than 1 out of every 100 Ether mined will be in Geode form.

Magical Wildlife (25 SP): Your Nation resides in a world where magical creatures still roam. Humans are still dominant, but in the isolated regions of the world, groups, even small civilizations of magical beings thrive. The Base Batch Cost of units you produce is reduced to 0 up to a value of 15PP per month, representing trawling the swamps, seas or verdant forest for various creatures to perform your bidding. These units have melee-only capability by default and like other melee-only units have a default industrial upkeep of 0. Added capabilities must be paid for as normal and adding ranged weaponry will restore industrial upkeep to the default. Units with no added capabilities can be treated as if they cost 3PP per point of base cost. Your territory also gains a defensive advantage, whether in the form of allied mystical primitives or dangerous magical wildlife you are better accommodated to than an invader would be.

Mystic Haven (50 SP): Your world is rife with magical wildlife. Dragons are rare sights, but not unheard of, Giants stride the far mountains and strange creatures swim beneath the waves. Your world is dangerous and its perils are familiar to you. Invaders and other hostile powers will have to suffer in this hostile environment, or resist the wrath of what societies may call the wilds of your world home. The Base Batch Cost of units you produce is reduced to 0 up to a value of 25PP per month, representing trawling the luminous fungal groves, cavernous underdark or unknowable deeps for various creatures to perform your bidding. These units have melee-only capability by default and like other melee-only units have a default industrial upkeep of 0. Added capabilities must be paid for as normal and adding ranged weaponry will restore industrial upkeep to the default. Units with no added capabilities can be treated as if they cost 3PP per point of base cost. Your territory also gains a notable defensive advantage, whether in the form of small allied mystical populations or dangerous magical wildlife you are better accommodated to than an invader would be.

Terra Incognita Magicka (100 SP): Your Nation is but a small enclave of humanity on a world otherwise dominated by the Mystical and Magical. You are not alone on your world and will find its denizens friendly or at least aloof and indifferent to your activities, while hostile to any interlopers. If taken in conjunction with “Hostile World” these Magical forces may indeed form entire civilizations greater than your own. In such a case the point value of the Hostile World disadvantage is (+50 SP), not (+25 SP). The Base Batch Cost of units you produce is reduced to 0 up to a value of 50PP per month, representing enticing or enslaving the denizens of the levitating wood, hollow earth or unknowable fae realms for various creatures to perform your bidding. These units have melee-only capability by default and like other melee-only units have a default industrial upkeep of 0. Added capabilities must be paid for as normal and adding ranged weaponry will restore industrial upkeep to the default. Units with no added capabilities can be treated as if they cost 3PP per point of base cost. Your territory also gains a major defensive advantage, whether in the form of allied mystical nations or incredibly dangerous magical wildlife you are better accommodated to than an invader would be.

Special Population (10SP): Your population is different from the norm in a distinct way, though one that only makes a minor difference in a world of magic and advanced machinery. Your entire population receives a passive advantage to one category. This is not a free Added Capability. Some examples: Orcs which have a +1 to their melee stat. Psychic fields that provide a +1 to protection. Kobolds that take up less CP as infantry. Bling that provides a bonus to diplomatic engagements.

Enhanced Population (40 SP): Your population is strongly divergent from the norm, possessing some inherent capability that others can only match with the products of science or magic. Your Infantry type units receive one free +1 Added Capability that is slot-free and build-free. If it is in Weapons or other offensive capacity, it can only refer to Melee/Close Combat.

Poppy Fields (15 SP): Your Nation produces certain goods that are both highly attractive to foreign peoples, as well as highly illegal in the eyes of their governments. Most commonly this takes the form of drugs or other illicit substances, but it can be anything else that would logically be an illegal product. This Advantage grants a +1 Return on black market goods

Bat Phone (50 SP): Your Nation has a patron hero only a phone call away! Once a year, you may summon a Hero to your aid. This Hero will aid you in a specific task or mission for around a month or so, before reverting to his secret identity, returning to his pocket dimension, or turning back into a statue, or whatever else he does when not acting as your saviour. To generate this Hero, take the 50 SP spent here, and head over to the Hero section and make up a Hero from scratch, including traits, companions, advantages and disadvantages – the works. This Hero can have the same Advancement levels and thematic style as your Nation, but he or she can also be totally different. Just remember that unlike a normal Hero, this Hero is not on call 24/7. You get to use him for one major task a year, and that for only a month. So use your Bat-minutes wisely.

Magical Gunsmiths (10 SP): While higher grades of technology notoriously play very poorly with magic (and vice-versa), for quite literally thousands of years it is common for the smallfolk to use muskets, iron and the like in both their daily lives and at war. This trait is only open to nations or trans-stellars that have at least 1500 aggregate points of magic in at least 3 fields; it sets their tech levels to a uniform 200 each (TL2). If an org wishes to raise these at creation (e.g. to buy up tech in order to purchase a fusion field) they must start from 100 - there is no free lunch. In-game this restriction is no longer in force; the 200 in each field is 200 in each field.

Durable Enchanters (25 SP): The humble enchantment has been a tool of the magic for millennia and over the years various groups have cultivated exceptional skill at it. Durable Enchanters automatically extend the duration of enchantments to a full year from one month and also helps stretch enchantments across multiple battles. Finally, any unit built by Durable Enchanters may take the first level of casting chamber as a slot-free upgrade.

Disadvantages List

Factious World (+5 Starting Points): As a Nation, while you are the greatest power on your world you are not the only one. Other nations exist which have no loyalty to you. They do not pose an immediate threat, but you cannot easily conquer or control them. The other nations start with 500 Starting Points between them (before Disadvantages and the 25 SP adjustment per starting year).

Hostile World (+25/50 Starting Points): As a Nation, your world is not your own. There are other powers on it, and some are greater than you are, and less than friendly. Forget conquering your neighbors; just think about surviving them. You are surrounded by nations with a combined point value of at least 1,000 SP, and possibly higher. You may choose to make these hostile nations into magical creature civilizations, doubling the disad’s value to +50 SP with a commensurate worsening of the danger it represents (meat’s back on the menu boys).

Weak Government (+25 Starting Points): Your government is not fully in control of your nation. Making decisions is difficult and carrying them out more so. While this doesn’t affect day-to-day life as the routine bureaucracy ticks along nicely, it does affect the ability of your nation to respond to emergencies; in particular, mobilize the nation out of its daily grind and to wage war. Any Civil Order penalties incurred by war are doubled, and Industry cannot be mobilized save in times of grave crisis, and then is twice as damaging to population morale.

Dissatisfied Population (+10 Starting Points): While your society does function, there are rumblings of discontent at certain levels. The production bonus from the Population is halved, and the people while not openly disloyal, are willing to lend an ear to foreign voices.

Angry Population (+25 Starting Points): In addition to automatically gaining the effects of this disadvantage upon conquering unwilling people, a player can take this disadvantage at the start, beginning with a less than rosy reputation in the eyes of his people. The population produces no bonus, and the people are receptive to foreign influence.

Rebellious Population (+50 Starting Points): The people aren’t just dissatisfied; they’re on the verge of open revolt. A newly conquered nation will usually have this disadvantage for some time before settling down into mere dissatisfaction. As well as no bonus, production in all categories is only 50% and the people will jump at the chance to ally with foreign powers against you. This lasts until this disadvantage is negated, by one means or another (not an easy task but possible with draconian measures).

Pariah (+10 Starting points): You did something somewhat repugnant in the past, or are associated with the more unsavoury side of life, and now are a bit of a loner in the community. Others will only deal with you under the table, and always with guarded looks and an eye for suspected betrayals. In practice this means a minus to diplomatic reaction rolls.

Magical or Technological Ineptitude (+10 Starting Points): One Category simply defies the abilities of your Nation or Trans-Stellar's people to master, reducing your starting advancement in that category to 0 and costing twice as much to research as normal. This can be bought for multiple categories, except for Heroes who can only take it once. Be aware that this ineptitude also makes it difficult to deal with magic or technology using the selected Category and can create weaknesses, for even if a Power has no plans to use a Category, it is often necessary to defend against it.

True Blood (+10 SP): Your Nation frowns on modifying the god-given forms of life. They will treat any Biotech Civilisation as a Pariah and suffer morale problems against biotech or Creation artificed units (including undead).

Fourth Law (+10 SP): Your Nation fears the rise of intelligent machines. This includes both the intelligent computers produced by Technological Powers and the self-aware golems produced by Magical Powers. Your Nation may never use automation, or full AI, and will treat any Robot Civilisations as Pariah. This disadvantage does not prevent a Biotech Power from building intelligent biotech creations or using sentient creatures as their vehicles.

Nuke Free Zone (+30 SP): Your Nation will not countenance the usage of Weapons of Mass Destruction, or Doomsday Magic. They will not research or possess them, and while they understand that other nations do not share their ideals, they will react strongly to nations that go beyond possession and begin using such terrible weapons. If a nation makes routine use of WMD or Doomsday Magic, particularly on planets, and especially if they kill a large number of civilians with them, your Nation may end up treating them as Undiplomatic. In such a case you may also use the presence of WMD or Doomsday magic as cassus belli, allowing you to start a war without any Civil Order penalties.

Magical Intolerance (+40 SP): Your Nation has a blanket prejudice against Magic. They will not use any levels of Magic, nor can they fuse Magic and Technology. They will also react poorly to any Power that uses Mages and will treat such a Power as if they are Undiplomatic. Powers affected by this will tend to react negatively to your actions.

Technological Intolerance (+50 SP): Your Nation has a blanket prejudice against Technology. They may have no Technological Advancement Levels higher than Level 2.5and cannot fuse Magic and Technology. They will also react poorly to any Power that uses Advanced Tech, and will treat such a Power as if they are Undiplomatic. Powers that are affected by this will tend to react negatively to your actions.

Disaster Zone (+10 Starting Points): Your Nation is subject to natural disasters, which occur regularly and can inflict considerable damage. The nature of these natural disasters should be specified, such as earthquakes or typhoons, or more esoteric disasters like plasma storms or outbreaks of mass insanity.

Barren World (+20 Starting Points): Building more Population Housing costs twice as much, and Civil Order Upkeep costs are doubled (this can start to add up). A Nation with this Disadvantage may not start with more than 50 Population Units, though they may go above this as the game progresses. Barren World is Nation and planet specific, and does not affect land you acquire on other worlds, or other Nations that may share your world but do not have this disadvantage.

Resource Poor World (+20 Starting Points): A Nation with this Disadvantage may not start with more than 50 Industry Production. , though tThey may go above this as the game progresses however increasing Production costs twice as much. Resource Poor World is Nation and planet specific, and does not affect land you acquire on other worlds, or other Nations that may share your world but do not have this disadvantage.

Poor Finances (+25 Starting Points): Perhaps your currency suffers from runaway inflation, you are in the midst of a great depression, or El Presidente uses the treasury as his personal piggy bank. Whatever the case, your Nation has a poor financial record. Wealth production costs twice as much to build (on your world or any other), you receive a –1 return on all Trade Goods. A Nation with this Disadvantage may not start with more than 50 Wealth Production, though they may go above this as the game progresses. Basically, your people just stink at managing money.

Incompetent Security Network (+30 Starting Points): Your Nation just doesn’t seem much need to protect its secrets, or maybe they just hire Orcs as security guards. All your security forces start with Incompetent, and any new units produced are also Incompetent.

Incompetent Armed Forces (+50 Starting Points): Your armed forces just don’t have their shit together. They’re poorly trained, poorly motivated and poorly led. All military units start with Incompetent, and all new units produced are Incompetent. This is a very difficult disadvantage to remove as incompetence is institutionalized at all levels, but getting your military hardened in battle (if it survives long enough!) is an effective, if risky, solution.

Cult of Victory (+20 Starting Points): Your Nation does not like losing. Unless quickly followed by a victory, the effects on the Population’s morale from defeat in battle are magnified, and losing a war almost invariably leads to a revolution or rebellion.

Fear and Loathing in Lords of Ether (+25 Starting Points): You are despised. Other Powers will attack your ships and emissaries on sight and whole Nations will ally against you at the earliest practical opportunity. Your leadership tops the most wanted lists on most every civilized world, and mothers frighten their children with their names. Fear and Loathing supersedes Pariah. This is a suicidal disadvantage for a Nation or Transtellar; it’s intended for rogue super-villains. But if you’re taking this Disadvantage you might as well also take. . .

Undiplomatic (+40 Starting Points): Your Nation lacks diplomatic graces and hase a great deal of trouble closing deals with other states. In practice, all wealth transactions with other powers are twice the normal cost (so buying that battleship from the Formor Staryards will cost you 20 Wealth rather than 10). The same goes for others trying to deal with you and. the extra money simply absorbed by a difficult, combative or otherwise restrictive diplomatic bureaucracy.

Slow Population Growth (+5 Starting Points): The Population of your Nation grows half as fast as normal. In addition to this the pressures of an aging populace mean that it costs twice as much to build up Housing infrastructure for what little new population you do gain.

No Population Growth (+10 Starting Points): Your Nation has stagnant Population growth. The only way to increase it is by immigration or costly artificial means. Again, the pressures of an ageing populace mean that integrating these newcomers into the Housing infrastructure is twice as expensive. Additionally, if immigrants arrive in large numbers social tension can arise and cause unrest.

Negative Population Growth (+25 Starting Points): The population of your Nation is in a slow but seemingly irrevocable decline. Every year it decreases by 3%. This can be staved of by immigration or costly artificial means, but the pressures of an aging populace mean that integrating these newcomers into the Housing infrastructure is twice as expensive, and Civil Order Upkeep is twice as expensive (this is cumulative). Additionally, if immigrants arrive in large numbers social tension can arise and cause unrest.

Patent Office (+5 Starting Points): Your Nation jealously guards what’s theirs, treating their accumulated knowledge as their own private trove. They will not give others Research Treaties (though they will still accept them), nor will they trade any of their technological or magical designs or units to another Power. Ever. If a Power is caught conducting Espionage against your Nation, you will treat them as if you were Undiplomatic from then on.

Not Invented Here (+25 Starting Points): Your Nation is not receptive to external ideas. They cannot receive Research Treaties (though they can still give them), and they cannot receive any units or parts of units from another Power. Additionally, spies on Espionage missions are half as effective. Note: Artifact finds are exempt from this rule, as any useful devices recovered can be assumed to come from the Nation’s past, and even those with a serious NIH complex can see the value of these awesome Gods War machines.

Lord of All (+5 Starting Points): There is one person who rules your Nation; one man or woman who is ultimately in charge like a tyrant of old. This person should be designated as a specific individual, and represented by a single (killable!) unit. This unit can be anything, from a simple infantryman to a Land Dreadnought, to an Oracle. Whoever they are, if they should fall your Nation will lose direction and gain the Weak Government disadvantage. If you already have Weak Government, your Nation goes right into Rebellion.

Home is Where the Heart is (+25 Starting Points): Your nation eschews colonialism and foreign holdings, preferring to remain in their home system. The Base Infrastructure Construction Rate may not be used in another system, and all Infrastructure of any kind built in another system costs twice as much.

2. Advancement

Advancement in Lords of Ether is divided between Technology and Magic, with ten Advancement Categories divided between the two. Technology and Magic are not simply different names for the same abilities, and there are significant differences between both how they work, and what they do. Technomagic and Magitech are a special form of Advancement gained by combining or “fusing” a Technological Category with a Magical Category. They offer greater power and more abilities than either Tech or Magic, but they also come with a very high cost both in Advancement Points, and in unit prices.

The Basics

Below is a brief summary of the basics of Advancement:

-Each Advancement Category is divided into 5 Levels with 100 Advancement Points (AP) to a Level. Advancement can be as low as 0, or as high as 599 AP.

-Nations and Transtellars pay 1 SP for every 10 Advancement Points.

-Advancement for Nations and Transtellars defaults to level 100 in all categories, technological and magical, representing the fact that some knowledge is ubiquitous amongst groups that develop into large organized states. This can be reduced by taking certain Disadvantages.

-Technology of Level 3.5 and higher may not be Enchanted, and will interfere with some magical effects, such as teleportation.

-The Level of a Technomagic or Magitech fusion is determined by taking the desired Levels of the two fused Categories (dropping all fractions) and then adding them together. The cost in AP is determined by multiplying this Level by 100. Fused Categories can be no more than one Level apart.

Choosing your Advancement

The decision between Magic and Technology is the biggest defining point for a Power. A high-tech Power is the most straightforward choice, as it is predictable, easy to manage and allows some of the most impressive weapons and vehicles. High-tech Powers range from modern states with Technology at the high end of Level 3, to future and far future states with Technology at Level 4 or Level 5. Futuristic Powers have many options, from cyber-slums, to killer robots, to vast organic civilizations built on the widespread application of biotechnology.

Up to Tech Level 3.49 Powers often augment their machines with magic, along the lines of the “Steampunk” genre, which occupies the middle ground between tech and magic. Steampunk Powers rely on lower tech devices boosted in power by Enchantments and/or magically Artificed components to reach, and sometimes exceed, the capabilities of more advanced pure-tech devices. It is important to note that Technology of Level 3.5 and higher cannot be enchanted as the complex components react poorly to magical energies. It is of course possible to forgo the use of magic at this Tech level, however the lack of high technology can leave a capability gap that even numbers alone cannot match.

Powers with Tech Levels of 3 or below are called low tech and usually also possess some magic levels. Tech level 1 or 3 on its own with no magic is a very difficult Power to play, and may leave you prey to more advanced and unscrupulous Powers. For that reason these tech levels are best treated as an adjunct to the magic levels of a Power. In such a case they are still very useful as they offer extremely low cost but easily enchantable technological alternatives to the powerful but expensive devices mages can create, and allow a society to function without continual expenditure of magical power.

Magic Levels 1 to 3 are known as common magic, or hedge magic. They involve easy to use castings that can be quite effective but nevertheless lack the awesome OOOMPH of high magic. They are best used in conjunction with some levels of Technology, as common magic does not have the ability to maintain a society on its own.

Magic Levels 4 and 5 are high magic. At this level mages can do almost anything, and it is possible to build a Power that runs on high magic alone. However, in such a society all power and ability rests with the mages, and the common people will have to rely on them for everything, having no useful skills themselves. Like common magic, high magic can easily be combined with low tech or Steampunk – but the deciding factor in the number of Tech levels taken often cost, as that many Advancement levels can drain most of a Power’s SP. There are many possible directions a high magic Power can go in, from creating a civilization based on the Enchantment of low tech or Steampunk, to a Power based on Summoning, or maybe one built around the power of Artificers.

However, the biggest Advancement choice is whether to use Technomagic or not. Technomagic is the fusion of Technology and Magic together into a seamless whole to create devices of awesome sophistication and power. While Technomagic can be used at any Advancement Level, it is most powerful when used to combine high technology with high magic. While it still does not allow high tech devices to be enchanted, it does allow them to be constructed with intrinsic magical special abilities, and reach much higher levels of power. Unfortunately Technomagic is also very costly – so much so that its costs often outweigh its immediate practical benefits. Unless the fused magic and Tech levels are relatively low, you should be prepared to sacrifice a lot in other areas such as Infrastructure and Military to pay for it. If you want to take Technomagic think carefully about your core concept. Does the Power you envisage require Technomagic to be properly realized, or do you just want it because it’s shiny? If you can construct your Power without Technomagic that may be the better choice.

Magitech is a sub-class of Technomagic. Technomagic is generally assumed to be the province of Technological Powers, and while the devices produced may have magical abilities, they remain at heart technological. Technomagic Powers usually take a swathe of Technological Categories, and then one Magical Category to fuse with the Technological Category of their choice. Magitech flips this around, taking Magical Categories, and then one Technological Category to fuse with the Magic. This does not change the power of the mage’s castings, but it does allow their magic to be augmented with semi-technological devices or training. This is an interesting option that, like Technomagic, should be integrated as part of the core concept if you choose to take it. Such Powers can best be thought of as a form of High Magic.

It is possible for powers to have multiple fusions of different categories of technology and magic, particularly at low levels. The cost of a second fusion and each one thereafter is half of the default cost, assuming that it is of the same level or less as the first.

Technology

Technology is defined by the mechanical use of Etheric power in ways clearly defined by established or enforced universal laws. Technology offers power to everyone who can read an instruction manual, which is its primary strength. It is also reliable, efficient, and easy to mass-produce. On the downside it lacks the raw power of magic, and in its predictability lacks many of the wildly excessive effects of the most inventive spells. Technology can be roughly broken down into eras of history, based on Level. This can serve as a guide for those who want to know how to describe a certain level when posting about it, or how to match a desired historical or science fiction style to their own:

TL0 roughly equates to the Stone to Bronze ages. Examples would be ancient Sumer and Babylon, and elements of the Aztec and Inca civilizations.

TL1 is roughly in line with the Iron Age. This is the common ancient era, and would include examples like Ancient Greece and Rome. At TL1.5 it starts to shift into the Medieval era.

TL2 is comparable to the Renaissance era up to around TL2.5 where it begins to shift into early industrial, such as the Napoleonic era. Up to this point, all technology is considered “Simple” but at TL2.5 more “Complex” machines begin to show up with greater abilities, but also greater Upkeep demands.

TL3 runs the span of the 20th Century, with TL3.0 being roughly 1900s, TL3.5 being late WWII, and TL3.75 being modern technology.

TL4 is postmodern, being roughly comparable to the technology seen in Aliens, Cyberpunk, and the younger races of Babylon 5.

TL5 is far future, being somewhat similar to the gee-whiz technology seen in Star Trek, and by the B5 First Ones.

This should not be treated as an absolute guide, as many historical civilizations were ahead of their time in certain Categories. The Inca for example would have been TL0 in most weapons applications, but TL1 or 2 in Physics/Mathematics because of their knowledge of astronomy. Many Medieval societies would have been high TL1 or even low TL2 in weapons technology, but low TL1 or TL0 in Biology as their knowledge of sanitation and medicine actually regressed below that of previous eras. The purpose of the above is just to provide a rough idea of what the various numbers mean.

Technology has five Advancement Categories; Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics/Mathematics, and Psychology. Each of these Categories is very broad, and encompasses a wide range of abilities and effects. Some of these categories are more important than others at lower levels and low tech Powers can sometimes get away with ignoring a couple entirely, but a truly high tech civilization will need high levels in all of them to be fully effective.

Biology

Biology has few direct effects at the lower levels, but rather functions as a supporting category, allowing your Power to run smoothly. It affects how many people your land can support, and how many of your troops will recover from wounds received in battle. At the higher levels it also allows genetic engineering and cloning.

Biology Level 0: At this level the Power is limited to basic farming and very simple medicine, mostly gained through trial and error. A Power with this level in Biology gains no bonus to Living Space, and no save against combat casualties or biological weapons or outbreaks.

Biology Level 1: At this level the Power has learned more advanced agricultural practices, and has developed a limited body of medical knowledge. They have also learned the rudiments of selective breeding, which is the earliest form of genetic engineering.

A Power with this level in Biology gains a low save against combat casualties and biological weapons or outbreaks. They may also add one simple Genetic Engineering Crew Added Capability to their units, to represent breeding for things like strength or speed.

Biology Level 2: At this level the Power begins to codify its knowledge of human physiology and, and develops effective and systematic means of treating various ailments.

A Power with this level in Biology gains a save against combat casualties and biological weapons or outbreaks. The earliest bioweapons may also be systematically employed at this Bio Level 2.5, making this the first type of WMD a Power can develop. They may also add two simple Genetic Engineering Crew Added Capability to their units, to represent more advanced breeding practices.

Biology Level 3: At this level a Power attains the level of modern medicine, with antibiotics, and complex surgery. Agriculture becomes a matter of mass production and specially engineered crops become common.

A Power with this level in Biology gains a save against combat casualties and biological weapons or outbreaks. They may also add three simple Genetic Engineering Crew Added Capability to their units, to represent the beginning of early planned biology. This level of Biology is also a prerequisite for those who wish to add Cybernetics as Crew Added Capabilities.

Biology Level 4: At this level a Power advances into futuristic medical practices, with wonder drugs, full genetic engineering and early regeneration techniques. Nutrition can be targeted for the maximum health of the population, and natural diseases are all but eradicated.

A Power with this level of Biology gains a save against combat casualties and biological weapons or outbreaks. They may also add four Genetic Engineering Crew Added Capability to their units and may now use complex genetic engineering rather than just simple. Clones can also be created in conjunction with Psychology Level 4, though at this level they will not be perfect beings, and will have an automatic Reduced Capability.

Biology Level 5: At this level a Power advances into the realm of the fully transhuman. Geneticists are now able to recode DNA on such a scale that a man need no longer be anything close to human. In fact, entire new lifeforms can be created, and machines can be fashioned entirely out of living matter.

This level of Biology can allow for Technological units to be created without the use of Engineering at all. Having more restrictions on the choice of materials and methods of production makes purely Biotech units more vulnerable than their counterparts. Pure biotech production also has a build time modifier of 1.5, assuming similar to engineering a power has at least two other categories at level 5.

A Power with this level of Biology gains a high save against combat casualties and biological weapons or outbreaks. They may also add five complex Genetic Engineering Crew Added Capability to their units. Clones can be created indistinguishable from natural humans, without the flaws of Bio Level 4. Most significantly, a Power with this level of Biology can choose to follow a radically different path from the bulk of humanity and become a Biotech Civilization.

Chemistry

Chemistry is a powerful and direct category, enhancing weapons and armour at all levels. Early on it is mainly focussed on materials science, such as forging iron and steel for blades and armour, but at the higher levels it becomes important in guns and explosives as well as for powering vehicles and creating new energy sources and fuels. Its direct effects make it important for any military, but it also supports the development of Industry.

Chemistry level 0: At this level the Power is limited to using materials easily found in nature such as stone and surface metals like Copper that are easily worked.

A Power with this level in Chemistry can only make simple weapons, and suffers large penalties to weapons and armour.

Chemistry level 1: At this level the Power can begin to work the first simple alloys of Bronze and Iron.

A Power with this level in Chemistry can still only make simple weapons, though it suffers smaller penalties to weapons and armour.

Chemistry level 2: At this level the Power progresses through more advanced alloys up to working steel on a large scale. The Power also discovers gunpowder and can begin to make the first complex weapons – early firearms. The more adventurous can also use their knowledge of Chemistry to lift lighter-than-air craft.

A Power with this level in Chemistry can begin to make complex weapons at Level 2.5, and suffers no penalties to weapons and armour. At Level 2.5 a Power can also begin to make Airships, becoming the first flying machines, and in conjunction with Engineering Level 2.5 the first engines can be made for powering vehicles with Etherite Coal.

Chemistry level 3: At this level the Power enters into modern materials science, and begins to create more complex alloys and composites. The science of rocketry also takes off, and ships can be propelled into space. On a more deadly note, poison gas becomes available for widespread battlefield use.

A Power with this level in Chemistry can begin to make Gas at Level 3.0, and gains a small bonus to weapons and armour. At this level Rocket Engines can be created for use on starships, and Etheric fuel can be refined and compressed into Ethernol. At Chem Level 3.5 (in conjunction with Eng Level 3.0) such engines can be refined enough to be used in aircraft, allowing complex jet and rocket aircraft to be constructed.

Chemistry level 4: At this level the Power begins to create more interesting materials, whose complexity goes down to the molecular scale. Armour becomes much stronger, and projectile weapons can be built with highly advanced warheads and special propellants.

A Power with this level in Chemistry has a modest bonus to weapons and armour, and can make Fusion Drives for its starships, and Etheric fusion catalysts to power its vehicles.

Chemistry level 5: At this level the Power can make the most advanced alloys, fiddling with matter on an atomic layer to create the materials it needs. Advanced chemistry also allows the synthesis of stable Etheric Anti-Matter, gram for gram the most powerful energy source in the galaxy. A Power with this level in Chemistry has a large bonus to weapons and armour, and can make Etheric Anti-Matter Drives for its starships, though EAM containment fields are too large for this to be practical for smaller vehicles. At this level, if they have not already gained the ability with Physics/Mathematics, a Power may also make Nukes (in the form of EAM bombs).

Engineering

Engineering is integral to constructing any Technological device, and is the primary Category for building Infrastructure and running a Power’s industries. At the lower levels Engineering is important for the construction of weapons like swords, spears and bows, and at the higher levels it becomes a key component in military vehicles, enhancing their ability to survive damage.

Engineering Level 0: At this level the Power is limited to construction of simple buildings and weapons. Large projects are accomplished by brute strength, as devices for mechanical advantage have not yet become widespread.

A Power with this level in Engineering may only build simple weapons. It suffers a large penalty to weapons, and all units are constructed with a 4x Build Time Modifier.

Engineering Level 1: At this level the Power begins to use simple machines and build simple but sturdy buildings, and better weapons. Very large structures can be constructed, though they still rely mostly on masses of cheap labour. Ships can be built, though they will be propelled only by oar and sail.

A Power with this level in Engineering may still only build simple weapons. Simple Sails can be built to move ships through the Ether of the Deep Sky (though they must find some other way to get up there first), and vessels gain a rudimentary damage control save. A Power with Eng Level 1 suffers a smaller penalty to weapons. Engineering Level 1 has a 4.0x build speed modifier.

Engineering Level 2: At this level the Power begins to create complex reinforced structures, and build machines both on a larger and more intricate scale. Tall multi-masted sailing ships replace galleys, and (with the aid of Chemistry) are in turn eventually replaced by ironclad warships. Clockworks also come into their own, with timepieces and other precision-made devices.

A Power at Eng Level 2.5 may start building complex devices. In conjunction with Chem Level 2.5 Steam powered ships and mechanical ground vehicles can be made. At this level a Power suffers a smaller penalty to weapons. Engineering Level 2 has a 3.0x build speed modifier.

Engineering Level 3: At this Level construction moves into modern structures of massive scale, like skyscrapers, suspension bridges and massive hydro-dams. It also includes even more complex machines, like internal combustion engines, and the first robotics, and other precision equipment. Engineering Level 3 has a 2.0x build speed modifier if the power has at least two other technological categories at least of Level 3.

A Power with this level in Engineering gains a small damage control save to reduce the damage done by enemy fire. Automation Added Capabilities can be created, and in conjunction with Chem Level 3.0 internal combustion vehicles make simple heavier-than-air craft a reality. At this level Engineering no longer applies to weapons and Physics/Mathematics takes over.

Engineering Level 4: At this level having conquered the large, Engineering now tackles the small, with extremely complex micro-scale machinery which leads to feats of engineering like humaniform robots and vehicles. Robotics also speeds up industrial construction and factories become faster and more efficient as a result.

A Power with this level in Engineering gains a modest damage control save. If it has at least two other Technological Advancement Categories at level 4 or higher, it may build units with a 1.5x Build Time Modifier. It may also (in conjunction with Bio 3, and other relevant Categories) give its units up to four Crew Added Capabilities in simple cybernetic enhancements. Also, for those Powers that eschew Physics/Mathematics, at Eng Level 4 mechanical computers equal to their electrical counterparts can be made. Finally, it may add humanoid Added Capabilities to its vehicles, and use Complex Humanoid Vehicle Types. The era of the giant robot begins!

Engineering Level 5: The biggest discovery at this level is Nanotech which makes much of what was previously impossible possible. Construction can be speeded by these little workers and machines can shift form and function by internal redesign. At this level transformable weapons can be made and the largest vessels constructed.

A Power with this level in Engineering gains a large damage control save. If it has at least two other Technological Advancement Categories at level 5, it may build units with a 1x Build Time Modifier. It may also build Nanoplagues which are the most advanced and lethal form of self-replicating “bioweapon” (even though they need no Bio to make), and may also use this nanotechnology to give its units up to five Crew Added Capabilities in complex cybernetic enhancements.

Magic

Magic differs from Technology because it relies on the skill and willpower of the user rather than the routine use of a constant principle or reliable machine. Magic is defined as the use of the ability of the individual to impose their will upon the world. It requires a lifetime of learning to master, and so can be used by fewer people than technology, but the personal power offered is greater.

In general Magic can match the power of Technology at lower levels of Magical Advancement, for instance it takes Physics/Mathematics Level 4 to use forcefields, but Magic can duplicate the same effects with telekinetic barriers at Movement Level 3. Magic also works much faster than Technology, with armies capable of being summoned out of nothing, and spells whipped up in a matter of days or weeks, as opposed to what is often years with Technology.

On the downside, Magic is resource intensive and inefficient, draining huge amounts of power compared to Technology, and requiring the constant attention of skilled practitioners. Unlike Technology, Magic is also much less reliable, and the desired results often fail to manifest, or do so in unexpected ways.

Magic (obviously) has no historical counterpart, however it can still be broken down into rough fantasy genres based on Level:

ML0 means no magical power. A Power with anything below Level 1.0 in a Magical Category cannot use Magic, and fractional values in this level are only important inasmuch as they shorten the journey to ML1 at which point the first actual magic can be cast.

ML1 can be thought of as “cantrips” and other little tricks. Rather than fantasy stories, this level of magic is actually more often seen in contemporary horror or ghost movies, with things like fleeting visions and vague extrasensory perceptions, as well as things like minor telekinesis. This is magic that has very limited power and effect. Its biggest use is in providing the ability to see and counter the magic of other Powers.

ML2 and ML3 are comparable to the low-key magic seen in fantasies like Lord of the Rings, the Devvery series. This kind of magic is not flashy, and lacks most of the super-human effects, but it can still effect major changes, and do serious damage. It often exists in concert with a low tech, often medieval setting.

ML4 and ML5 are seriously powerful magics, like those used in Slayers, or in the Wheel of Time series. The effects are usually flashy and very noticeable, and their effects often cause great changes in the world around them, allowing mages to often do what would otherwise be considered impossible, even with the most advanced Technology. Entire civilisations can be built around this High Magic, like the Age of Legends in the Wheel of Time.

These comparisons are not exact, but exist only as a rough guide. Lords of Ether has its own distinct magical rules, and some things low level Mages in a particular fantasy universe may be capable of may actually be high end magic in Lords of Ether, or may indeed not be possible at all. Conversely in some universes a spell that is incredibly difficult to cast may be routine in the game’s magical system.

Like Technology, Magic has five Advancement Categories. These Categories are in many ways comparable to Technological Advancement Categories, but the comparisons are not always direct, and it would be a mistake to assume that Magical Categories are just Technological Categories renamed. The five Categories are; Creation, Destruction, Material, Mental, and Movement. These Categories tend to be more focussed than their Technological cousins, and while a Magical Power does not need all of them, each has a useful function, even at the lowest levels.

Fusion

At its heart, a fusion allows for concepts that don't fit the standard paradigm of either straight technology or magic to be realized with mechanics that are often unique in the setting. The first thing to consider after arriving here is what your concept is. What sort of things is it meant to do that can't be achieved using more conventional means? That will guide you towards what might be most appropriate, because fusions have limitations and paradigms based on what their component fields are and tend to be highly specialized. This is not the place to search for generic supertech, because the advancement and unit costs can be ruinous for a power that does not have a clear style or doctrine that plays to their strengths.

First, a fusion cannot serve every conceivable effect of its two constituent fields and has a limited selection of benefits. Two different powers with the same technomagic fusion combination may not have the same fusion effects. Second, the sorts of abilities fusions can have will be restricted depending on the fields chosen. For example, fusing Physics with Destruction tends to result in straightforward weapons and offensive abilities, since that is what Destruction epitomizes. Destruction can also be used to enhance certain Physics-based effects, such as ECM that actively damages electronics it encounters rather than simply jamming them. It however, could not be used to justify something like faster construction time or durability, since neither Physics nor Destruction apply to those fields in normal application.

Thirdly, units require Added Capabilities in order to benefit from fusion traits. They are not free or conferred by default. A fusion unit does enjoy a bonus for its higher technology level, similar to those between different TL or ML units, however that alone does not offset the cost. By default a Fusion unit behaves as one defined by its highest TL or ML. For example, a ML9 ship that is made using Phys 5 and Destruction 4 by a power that is primarily technological will have its speed, cargo capacity and other details set by its TLs. This means that this ML9 ship with no Added Capabilities related to its fusion will largely be a very expensive TL5 ship. Capabilities that the fusion does not affect still remain based on the normal advancement levels. However, the act of fusing does provide some benefits to baseline stats; while starting cargo and deck capacity is set by the base TL, fusion units get a 50% bonus to cargo and deck capacity as a fundamental side-effect of building a large, expensive fusion unit.

The powers conferred by a fusion (traits) are purchased and as such several powers with the same fusion might have dramatically different abilities. Fusions have trait points equal to their TM level. Traits themselves are weighted by strength and are broken into three categories: Core, Peripheral and Active.

Core abilities are, as the name implies, highly important and are the main things that define what a given technomagic fusion does. Core abilities have a major impact on a unit's performance (or potentially other fields of gameplay relevance); if a fusion has two core abilities the cost of each is increased by +1. Core abilities themselves are broken down into three subtypes; Hybrid, Major and Minor. In no case can core abilities be 'doubled up' to further increase the effectiveness of a given added capability.

• Hybrid core abilities are those which combine the effects of two different added capabilities into a single one, such as energized armour that doubles as an energy shield. These tend to cost 4 points, but this can be weighted differently depending on the strength and broad usefulness of the application in question.
• Major core abilities tend to dramatically amplify the power of one broadly useful category such as Firepower, Melee, Protection, Durability, Travel Speed, Command and Build Time. These cost 3 points.
• Minor core abilities confer similar bonuses as major ones, but tend to relate to less directly useful or more specialized categories. Some of these are Sensors, Range, ECM, Stealth, and Mobility. These cost 2 points. Some minor core abilities might also cover weakened versions of major abilities, such as reducing build time by 25% as opposed to 50%.

Peripheral abilities are small side benefits which provide both flavor and interesting, unique abilities. They range from simply buffing the effectiveness of a specific added capability (but not to the level of a core effect) to all manner of bespoke effects. Peripheral effects will almost always cost 1 point each, though particularly potent ones may cost 2 at the discretion of the GM. Several examples of peripheral abilities can be found below, derived from several different fusion combinations.

• Increase Shields by 1
• Penetrate armor more effectively.
• +1 Limbs provides the benefit of both +1 Arms and +1 Legs
• Gain a passive strategic-level regeneration ability, or improving the regeneration added capability.
• Reduce the cargo size of spare parts and trade goods.
• Ignore the first upkeep increase for added caps like armor or mobility.
• ECM can inflict feedback when successfully jamming a spell.
• Fast Tracking succeeds on a tie, not just a command roll victory.
• Increase melee range by one range bracket. (2 pt)

Active Abilities are building innate spell-like powers into units, activated on command without needing mages or ether expenditure, for example the ability to teleport or a pistol that turns humans into catgirls. The cost of active abilities depend on the power of the ability in question and the minimum magic level required to cast it. Generally they cost (ML-2) trait points and units that use them require the same level of Added Capability. As such an ML4 active ability would cost 2 trait points and a +2 added cap. They may only be added to units with a size of 1:100 or larger and each one adds +1 ether upkeep.

There are a total of 25 fusion combinations and not all are equal in power or utility, as such final point values and specific effects must be set by a GM.

Technology Treaty

Nations and Trans-Stellars can engage in bilateral tech treaties. This is an option only open to powers that have an existing statutory relationship with each other in the form of a Trade treaty. A tech treaty allows one power, over the course of a year, to give 5% of its advancement points in one category to another. The receiving party to the treaty must pay 6 WU per advancement point transferred to account for the logistics of upgrading infrastructure or institutions and quieting the social upheaval inherent in having a foreign power’s influence directly enact broad change. No power may give or receive points in a given category to/from more than one other power in the same year. A power may give points in a technomagic category it possesses to a power that already possesses the requisite levels in the requisite categories.

3. Armies

Of all the three main military branches, Lords of Ether perhaps emphasizes the role of Armies the most. Armies defend your land, your cities, your means of production and your people, and are also the prime means of taking such things from your opponents. Aircraft and star-ships cannot take ground, and due to the ease of counter bombardment they cannot even easily dominate a battlefield. Orbital bombardment of sufficient magnitude can weaken a foe, but no matter what, in the end ground troops will have to go in and finish the job.

Complex Armies are made up of troops with a greater diversity of equipment and weapons than Simple Armies. Soldiers by default have powerful ranged weapons in the form of firearms, and usually are backed up by large contingents of vehicles, such as trucks, armoured carriers, and tanks. However in payment for this added power, Complex Military Units leave the easy Upkeep of Simple Military Units behind, and require a great deal of materiel support in the form of both IUU and Ether to function properly.

Army Types

The forces that make up an army are divided into subtypes based on role and function. Within each subtype a set number of individual men or pieces of equipment are gathered together as a Batch and given a Base Batch Cost. For example; in the Type “Unskilled Infantry” there are 100,000 Unskilled Infantry in a Batch, for a Batch Cost of 1 point. This is used in determining Upkeep costs and also in determining the Production Point cost and Production Time for building those units (see Section 11: Production for more details).

Security Forces

Security forces are a nebulous set of unit types that are used to keep track of the population, detect and arrest enemy spies, put down dissent and – in necessary – oppress the population into total subservience. Normal military units can often do these tasks under martial law; Security Forces just do it better.

Informers: 1 point per 100,000 Informers are a handy thing for any police state to have. They're nothing more than the local populace on the government payroll, ordered to keep an eye out for any suspicious persons. A state with a loyal and happy populace and no great paranoia has little need of informers, but in an Nation suffering from discontent they can be invaluable. Unfortunately, once discontent becomes open defiance, informers tend to lie low. In the right circumstances, Informers can also be bought in the populace of another Nation, but doing so takes times as much as ten times the cost and upkeep respectively, and is hardly as hassle free as it is when you control the local security apparatus. The employees of a trans-stellar are automatically informers for their organization. The Advancement modifier for Informers is the average Technology level of the organization on which they are informing, and they take no caps.

Secret Police: 1 point per 10,000 Secret police are para-military troops whose main task is to look after the internal affairs of the nation. They are more effective at putting down civil disorder and keep a close eye out for enemy infiltration. In a pinch they can serve as combat troops, though they're usually only half as effective as Skilled Infantry.

Infantry Types

Unskilled Infantry: 1 point per 100,000 Unskilled Infantry are second line troops that are often raised quickly to act as cannon fodder or to hastily fill gaps in the regular forces. Irregular militia, partisans, or raw conscripts with weapons perhaps a generation less advanced than the regular army fall into this category.

Skilled Infantry: 1 point per 10,000 Skilled infantry are the standard soldiers of most armies, armed with a spread of the standard infantry weapons. Along with personal weapons or small-arms, this includes light artillery like mortars and anti-tank missiles. Most regular modern soldiers would fall into this category.

Elite Infantry: 1 point per 1,000 Elite infantry are specially trained troops, usually armed with the best weapons available. These are still “line” combat forces, but they have special capabilities. They are best employed on specialized missions the standard soldiers are ill trained for. They will give a sterling account of themselves if used in the trenches with the other soldiers, but it is often a waste of their true abilities. Stormtroopers, Paratroops and Marines are good examples of Elite Infantry.

Special Forces: 1 point per 50 These are the very best of the very best. Handpicked men given equipment the rest of the army may not even know about yet, and trained to the absolute highest standards. Such troops are best saved for specific and exceptionally difficult or dangerous tasks. Special Forces are capable of operating discreetly, and can be used as Spies, though they may not conduct Espionage or Counter Intelligence Missions, they make excellent information gatherers and even better assassins. Organizations like the Navy SEALS, Spetznaz and SAS are in this category.

Artillery Types

Self-Propelled Artillery: 1 point per 200 Self Propelled Artillery is the modern army’s “big stick.” Light artillery like man portable mortars and anti-tank weapons are considered integral to the equipment of Infantry formations, but a gathering of larger guns is a necessity for any well-rounded army. In terms of raw firepower-to-cost artillery Types are the best in the game, but even though some pieces of self-propelled Artillery may look like tanks, they are not tanks, and will fare poorly when directly engaged.

Very Heavy Artillery: 1 point per 25 Very Heavy Artillery pieces are the larger weapons that are less common on the battlefield. By default such weapons have limited mobility, suffering effects similar to a -1 Reduced Capability in this area. Railroad cannon and fortress guns fall into this category, or even extremely large rocket batteries.

Super Artillery: 1 point per 1 These are artillery pieces that are just a little over the top. They suffer from effects equivalent to a -2 Reduced Capability in mobility, and so are by default immobile unless deconstructed, or given Additional Capabilities. The “Paris Gun” and the “Dora” fall into this category. In higher TLs, Super Artillery represent theater air defense systems like S-300 and AEGIS Ashore.

Grand Cannon: 10 points per 1 This is the kind of gun you use to justify renaming your planet the “Death Star III”, sweep fleets from your skies and carve your name into the moons of your world in glowing font a thousand kilometres high. Such guns are always immobile, huge, and have refire times limited to no more than one shot a day. They have incredible range and can shoot at targets as far away as the system terminus. Their size tends to limit their firing arcs and as a result such weapons usually only point out into space and have no ability to engage planetary targets.

Vehicle Types

Logistics Vehicles: 1 point per 1,000 These are things like 5 ton trucks or hover pallets. These are motorized vehicles that can be used to transport your troops and supplies on something other than their boots, or behind beasts of burden. Cargo Capacity is 10 for TL1, 25 for TL2, 50 for TL 3, 75 for TL 4, and 100 for TL 5. For more on Cargo Capacity see the Logistics heading of this section.

Reconnaissance Forces: 1 point per 1,000 These are your fast units; the eyes and ears of a well prepared army. Motorcycles with side-cars, Humvees, or BRDM scout cars are good examples of this Type. These units are almost never intended to do much fighting, and have little actual combat potential, so their armour and weapons are limited.

Utility Vehicles: 1 for 1,000 Not quite logistics vehicles or recon forces, utility vehicles are relatively light and cheap mobility systems able to somewhat defend themselves but also carry cargo or troops equal to half what logistics vehicle of their technology level would (5 for TL1, 12 for TL2, 25 for TL 3, 37 for TL 4, and 50 for TL 5, or half the number of troops as an APC. (5 For TL3, 7 at TL4, 10 at TL5). Vehicles like Humvees fall into this category, as do, (with additional armour caps) MRAPs and infantry mobility vehicles.

Infantry Carriers: 1 point per 500 These armoured vehicles become common in more mechanized eras where the infantry have to keep up with the advancing tanks. They can carry 10 infantry at TL 3 (CC 10), 15 at TL 4 (CC 15) and 20 at TL 5 (CC 20). If pressed into service as logistic vehicles they can carry five times this Cargo Capacity in supplies (the same as an equal tech Logistics Vehicle), though doing so makes them unable to carry any troops. Infantry Carriers can be simply battle taxies to ferry troops around and provide them some additional protection, or they can be armed up to the level of full fledged fighting vehicles capable of threatening even tanks.

Light Armour: 1 point per 500 Light Armor are smaller tanks, often used to back up reconnaissance forces, or for deployment with forward units such as paratroop formations. They do not have the armour or firepower of Armour, but are lighter and faster, and with a few additions to firepower can be a very dangerous threat to the larger vehicles.

Armour: 1 point per 100 Armour are the vehicles that one tends to think about most when envisaging modern war – Main Battle Tanks. Armour is well protected, usually quick and packs considerable firepower. Armour covers vehicles from the lumbering lozenge shaped trench crawlers of WWI, to the Panzers of WWII, to modern tanks and beyond.

Very Heavy Armour: 1 point per 50 These are extremely large tanks, or other vehicles from the minds of designers gone slightly mad. Historically few of these (like the inappropriately named German “Maus” – mouse) ever served, but you can change that. Huge tracked beasts often with coaxial guns other tanks would be proud to call main cannon, and main cannon warships would be delighted to own, they are lumbering and expensive and mighty impressive.

Super Vehicle Types

Mobile Gun Fortress: 1 point per 10 This is a rolling, crawling or hovering weapons platform bristling with the firepower of multiple gun and missile systems. One of these can take on a company of tanks. As expansive as Hyper Advanced Armour, they are more powerful, forgoing things like agility and mechanical gee-whizzery in favour of simple brute firepower.

Land Dreadnought: 1 point per 1 This is for those people who feel the need to create something even more devastating than a “mere” Mobile Fortress. These vehicles are veritable battleships with tracks, mounting entire decks of guns and multiple secondary weapons. Bolos fall into this category.

MegaDread: 5 points per 1 MegaDreads are for those who think Land Dreadnoughts don’t go far enough. These vehicles are huge monsters the size of small towns. You may have trouble finding parking spots. Humanoid Vehicle Types

Battlesuits: 1 point per 100 This is for those desiring to create really powerful personal armour rather than tanks; smaller things like ‘Gears or Mobile Infantry for instance. Battlesuits are substantially larger than a power-armoured soldier, but still smaller than a tank. Though they may not have quite the firepower and protection of Armour, their reduced size and greater mobility can more than compensate in the right situations.

Hyper Advanced Armour: 1 point per 10 Hyper Advanced Armour is for the heroically inclined; a massive mechanical warrior displaying abilities that normal vehicles would be hard pressed to match. Anime Mecha and Mobile Suits are in this category. HAA is usually humanoid in form, but sometimes takes the form of other legged animals or insects. It has the ability to mount a plethora of extra equipment, such as two externals rather than one, and to use booster packs. Indeed, if equipped with boosters HAA can make very credible space combatants and have a Flight Speed and Range of Slow and Medium respectively. HAA is truly multi-purpose, but it pays for this flexibility in a high cost, compared to more specialized war machines.

Modifications

Modifications are either positive modifiers called Added Capabilities that increase the power and abilities of a unit, but also increase its cost; or negative modifiers called Reduced Capabilities that reduce the power and abilities of a unit, but also reduce its cost.

Added Capabilities are represented by a “+”, such as “+1 Weapons,” or “+2 Shields.” Some Added Capabilities can be taken multiple times, up to the slot limit of the unit in question, while others can only be taken a limited number of times.

Most technological units, especially at the higher Advancement Levels, already come with a vast array of capabilities. It is not necessary to take “Machine Guns” as an Added Capability for at TL 3 tank, or “Shields” for a TL 5 Land Dreadnought as such devices are assumed to be standard equipment. Thus Added Capabilities are generally broad and sweeping. Each Added Capability takes up one “slot”. The Tech Level of a unit directly determines how many Added Capabilities it can take and how much extra they will cost. Thus a Tech Level 3 unit has three “slots” for Added Capabilities.

Units can exceed this limit by taking what are called “External Added Capabilities.” These are devices which are not integral to the unit, but instead are attached in some manner, such as hastily bolted on, or stuffed into the rucksack. All units can take one External Added Capability, except for Humanoid Vehicles which can take two. Thus a TL5 Hyper Advanced Armour unit could actually have seven Added Capabilities – 5 integral Added Capabilities, plus two extra External Added Capabilities.

However External Added Capabilities are not as efficient as normal Added Capabilities and always incur extra upkeep (usually Ether), even if the Added Capability they are based on would not normally incur extra Upkeep. Thus a +1 External would increase Upkeep by one, and a +2 External by two, and so on.

Taking more than a +1 in most Added Capabilities also incurs extra Upkeep. It should be noted that additional Upkeep costs do not cross over or accumulate between differing Added Capabilities. A +1 Armour Added Capability and a +1 Weapons Added Capability do not increase Upkeep for a unit. A unit can have many Added Capabilities without paying any additional Upkeep so long as they are dispersed across many areas. However, this does NOT mean that by being overly specific you can dodge these costs – more accurate missiles and extra missile warhead power are still both a Weapons Added Capabilities and will incur extra Upkeep costs if taken as a slot each.

It should be noted that a unit with +1 Weapons is not as powerful as two units of the same Type, or one with +1 Armour as tough as two other units. Added Capabilities make a unit significantly more capable, but they don’t fully compensate for the increased cost. However, the advantage is that smaller, more capable armies are easier to deploy and handle on the battlefield as they take up much less space and usually fewer supplies. For this reason a small, high-capped force can still defeat a much larger low-capped army.

Reduced Capabilities are modifiers that lower the capabilities of a unit, but also lower its cost. Each Reduced Capability cancels out the cost increase of one Added Capability. If there are no Added Capabilities left, or none have been taken, a Reduced Capability reduces the Basic Batch Cost of the unit by one half. Reduced capabilities are represented by a “-”. Reduced Capabilities are usually taken either as a -1 or a -2. A -1 is a serious (50% or more) reduction in Capability in the listed area. A -2 is a near total reduction in Capability in the listed area. As many different Reduced Capabilities as desired can be taken, though the Basic Batch Cost can never go below one half.

How Added and Reduced Capabilities affect the cost of units is discussed in detail in Section 9: Production.

Added Capabilities List

+X Armour: Extra armour is one of the most common additions taken for Army Types. It can be taken multiple times on all units. If Infantry take more than a +1 Armour they become particularly bulky and take up twice the usual Cargo Capacity. Such infantry are often called power armoured infantry. Every Armour Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether Upkeep due to increased weight and fuel demands.

+X Shields/Point Defences: Shields become available at TL4 and are energy barriers and fields, however TL3 units can simulate their effects with Point Defences like the ARENA System. Shields or Point Defences are not as reliable as Armour, but when they do function can provide a unit with better protection. They can also disrupt spells that pass through them. Shields or Point Defences can be taken multiple times, but every Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether Upkeep due to increased energy drain by the shield generators, or Point Defence power packs.

+X Weapons: This added cap increases the general offensive firepower of a unit, and is one of the more common and widely used Added Capabilities. While it can add a bit of flavor to list such Added Capabilities as “+1 Heavy Broadside Cannon,” or “+2 Smart Missiles,” the reasons for this increased firepower do not need to be specified. Weapons can be taken multiple times, but every Weapons Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether or Industry Upkeep due to increased ammunition demands. It should be specified whether the Upkeep is paid in Ether or IUU, and this cannot be changed – a 200mm cannon cannot suddenly be loaded with fuel cells rather than tungsten cored solid shells.

+X Close Combat Weapons: Close Combat Weapons are added caps that augment the ability of the unit to fight the enemy in close combat. They are usually powerful but short ranged firearms, like pistols, shotguns, flamethrowers, or bands of claymores around the turret. Close Combat Weapons have extremely limited ranges that make them only useful on specialized units, or in special situations (like house to house fighting) but they have the advantage of never adding to the upkeep of a unit, no matter how many times this Added Capability is taken.

+X Extended Range: This Added Capability extends the range of the unit’s weapons and sensors. Of particular note, this Added Capability allows certain units to engage starships in orbit and beyond – an ability commonly called Ground-to-Orbit, or “GTO”. Artillery, Very Heavy Artillery and Mobile Gun Forts can engage orbital targets with a +1, while most Armour, Very Heavy Armour and Hyper Advanced Armour can do so with a +2. Super Artillery, Land Dreadnoughts, MegaDreads and of Course grand Cannon are naturally GTO platforms but this Added Capability can still extend their range further out into space. It can be taken multiple times, but every Extended Range Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether or Industry Upkeep. It should be specified whether the Upkeep is paid in Ether or IUU, and this cannot be changed.

+1 Long Range Weapons: Rather than actually extending the range of the unit, these are weapons designed for optimum performance at longer ranges - sniper rifles and antishipping missiles are two examples. Instead of gaining the standard firepower bonus for engaging at Close range, they gain firepower at Long range. This Added Capability may only be taken once, and once taken modifies ALL the weapons on the unit – you may not have a mix of Long Ranged and normal weapons.

+2 Megacannon: This Added Capability is only available for Land Dreadnoughts and MegaDreads. It adds a BFG to a unit that can only be fired once per day, but provides a massive increase in firepower for that one shot. However, when a unit is using its normal weapons it provides no other bonus. A unit may only have a single Megacannon, and it incurs an extra +2 Upkeep, in either Industry or Ether.

+1 Anti-Tank Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all units, and augments their abilities against vehicles. This would typically involve giving infantry additional anti-tank missiles, or putting extra large guns on tanks. In the process the unit’s anti-infantry weapons are neglected, and so its capabilities against infantry are seriously reduced. This Added Capability may only be taken once, and once taken modifies ALL the weapons on the unit to be Anti-Tank. Anti-Tank has no effect on Super Vehicles, as these are just too large for specialized AT weaponry to be as effective. You may not take Anti-Infantry and Anti-Tank on the same unit.

+1 Anti-Infantry Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all units. It optimizes their weapons for use against infantry targets, but in doing so seriously reduces their anti-vehicle capabilities. This Added Capability may only be taken once, and once taken modifies ALL the weapons on the unit to be Anti-Infantry. You may not take Anti-Infantry and Anti-Tank on the same unit.

+1 Anti-Aircraft Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all units, but is most common on Artillery. It enhances a unit’s ability to engage aerial targets, though in the process removes its ability to effectively engage ground targets. Anti-Aircraft Weapons can only be taken once, and may be combined with either +1 Anti-Tank Weapons (which might create a weapon like the German 88, or the ADATS) or with +1 Anti-Infantry Weapons (which would create a weapon like the ZSU-23-4, or the Oerlikon). If combined with either Anti-Tank or Anti-Infantry, Anti-Aircraft regain the ability to engage ground targets of that type, and are in fact very deadly at it.

+1 Anti-Shipping Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all units, though it has limited applications for most. It enhances a unit’s ability to engage large vessels of all kinds, including all types of Naval Vessels, Airships, and even Super Vehicles (which for these purposes are considered ships), but due to the large nature of such weapons it severely limits their ability to attack infantry and any smaller vehicles and aircraft. Anti-Shipping Weapons can only be taken once, may be combined with either +1 Anti-Tank Weapons (which might create a land based cruise missile battery) or with +1 Anti-Aircraft Weapons (which might very large SAM battery), in which case it regains the ability to engage those types of targets.

+1 Fast Tracking Weapons: This Added Capability modifies the weapons of a unit to allow it to track and engage extremely rapidly. If the unit with fast-tracking wins initiative it can destroy the enemy before its opponent has a chance to return fire. Fast Tracking Weapons is best used by formations where it is possessed by all the main combat units, such as anti-tank teams or stormtroopers. If only a handful of Fast Tracking units are present in a larger formation they will tend to engage with the other units and so the advantage is lost. Fast Tracking Weapons can be taken once and does not add to Upkeep.

+X Sensors: Sensors tend to be limited on most land vehicles, restricted to targeting aids and immediate threat detection systems, however the larger and more advanced vehicles such as Hyper Advanced Armour, Gun Forts and Land Dreadnoughts also usually come with extensive long range detection systems to maximize their multitude of weapons, and anti-aircraft vehicles also often have powerful detection gear to allow them to pick up incoming aircraft. Typical sensor abilities and ranges are described in greater depth in Section 10: Sensors and Communications. A unit does not have to have Sensors itself to take advantage of them, as they can receive targeting data from another unit with Sensors. Specialized detection vehicles can be created by giving a vehicle multiple Sensor Added Caps and then removing other unneeded capabilities with Reduced Capabilities to offset the costs. As with other Added Capabilities, for every Sensor Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Communications: While all Complex Military Units are assumed to have some form of communications, from telegraph and wireless to subspace relays, some units have a need for more specialized and dedicated systems. Communications boosts the command rating of a force, and allows information to be passed faster and in greater detail. Communications is a good Added Capability for command units, which can use it to co-ordinate others, and for scouts and sensor units who can use it to relay their information to others. In automated armies it can even allow a command unit to remotely control other forces (detailed in Section 10: Sensors and Communications). Communications can be taken multiple times, but for every Communications Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Command Post Vehicle: Militaries often have mobile command posts from which generals can survey the battlefield, issue orders and make plans. The presence of such units on the battlefield can greatly assist other combat units. All armies are naturally assumed to have sufficient assets to command their forces, but Command Post Vehicle turns a unit into a specialized command vehicle. Usually CP Vehicles group together to form a functioning Headquarters, and in a conventional mechanized army (which players are by no means obligated to form) a Battalion or Brigade will usually have from 10-20, and a Division 50 or more. Often Command Post Vehicles are combined with other Added Capabilities such as Sensors and Communications. Command Post Vehicle can be taken multiple times, but for every Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+1 Engineers: Engineers play a critical role on battlefields, from preparing fortifications, to clearing enemy defence lines. The Engineers Added Capability is best given to heavier vehicles (such as an armoured plough or mine-clearing flail on a tank or APC) or to Elite Infantry. This Added Capability allows a unit to reinforce the protection offered by terrain (for itself and for other units) as well as to lay and clear mines, and to break enemy fortifications. It may only be taken once, and incurs no extra Upkeep.

+X Cargo Capacity: This Added Capability applies mostly to Logistics Vehicles and Infantry Carriers, though it can be added to any vehicle. For Logistics Vehicles and Infantry Carriers each +1 Cargo Capacity increases the total that can be carried by 50% of the base amount. That is, the percentage increases are not cumulative, so a TL3 truck (50 CC) with +2 Cargo Capacity as its Added Capabilities would have a total Cargo Capacity of 100 Cargo Points, not 113. Any vehicle that does not have intrinsic cargo carrying capability gains Cargo Capacity equal to its Tech Level multiplied by 1/100th the Cargo Points it takes up, for each time it takes Cargo Capacity. Thus TL3 Armour with +1 Cargo Capacity would have a CC of 6, while a TL5 Land Dreadnought with +2 Cargo Capacity would have a CC of 500. These Added Capabilities can be taken multiple times and do not increase Upkeep in any way.

+X Compact: Compact allows for smaller units that take up less space and present smaller targets to enemy fire. Each +1 of Compact reduces the CP a unit takes up by half. Thus Armour with +1 Compact would take up 100 CP rather than 200 CP, and Armour with +2 Compact would take up 50 CP, and with +3; 25 CP and so on. If a unit with Carrying Capacity takes Compact its Carrying Capacity is similarly reduced. Compact can be taken multiple times and does not incur any additional Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+X ECM: ECM stands for Etheric Countermeasures. It is used to blind sensors, jam or decoy guided weapons and even counter magical effects. All advanced vehicles have some sort of ECM, but this Added Capability expands those capabilities. ECM affects the entire battlefield, and the more units that have ECM, the more effective it becomes, cutting down the ranges at which the enemy can see and engage at, and increasing the chance of spell failure. ECM can be taken multiple times, and for each Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Stealth: Stealth can be anything from a well-made Ghillie suit, to radar absorbent construction, to thermoptic or holographic camouflage, to full cloaking. Stealth of any sort is not easy to just slap on a vehicle or person; the more comprehensive the Stealth package the more design compromises in other areas that are required. +1 Stealth has no detrimental effects on a unit, but at +2 or higher it reduces the protection of the unit by 25% as defensive fields and armour are compromised by the Stealth architecture. Stealth is never totally absolute, even at the highest levels, and there is always a chance it can be penetrated, particularly after a unit opens fire on the enemy. Stealth can be taken multiple times, and for each Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Disguise: Purposeful effort meant not to hide a unit, but to make it look like something else to varying levels of scrutiny. This will not allow a unit to perfectly mirror a unit belonging to another power, only appear to an observer to be a different unit type of roughly the same size. At +1 this can allow for a unit to fool inspection at a distance such as ‘soldiers’ carrying fake guns. At +2 this can allow for a unit to appear convincing on close inspection, such as 3-piece kevlar suits and a matching briefcase gun.

+1/+2 Automation/AI: Automation comes in two basic levels. The first is limited automation (+1), the second full AI (+2). Automation is the replacing of people with machines. It speeds up routine processes, reduces error, increases efficiency and decreases Upkeep costs. An Automated vehicle will have a higher command rating and be more resilient to battle damage. As well, Wealth Upkeep and crew requirements are both halved. At +2 AI humans are removed entirely from the equation raising the command rating even higher, and Wealth Upkeep and crew requirements both drop to zero. Neither Automation nor AI incurs any additional Upkeep.

+1/+2 Mind: For magical or magitech powers, imbuing an Artificed unit with some form of intelligence and awareness to eliminate human attendants or crew. In both cases Wealth upkeep and Draft is eliminated, with the difference being the intelligence (or lack thereof) of the unit in question. A unit with +2 Mind is considered human-level intelligence, and indeed many such units contain an enslaved soul or bound spirit, while one with +1 mind is generally not cognizant and while able to understand and follow simple instructions is easily confused.

+1 Clones: At a sufficient level of Psychology and Biology, a Power can produce flash Clones with the implanted training to function as soldiers as soon as they are decanted. Draft pool requirements are removed entirely. However, at TL4 Biology, these clones are deeply problematic, as such they both take a full Capability slot and they must take the effect of a Reduced Capability - pick from the list below. At TL5 Biology these flash Clones are fully stable, having no negative effect, and become Slotless.

+1 Low Maintenance: Units with Low Maintenance are either very efficient and reliable, or perhaps just possess crews who are very skilled at doing more with less. Low Maintenance halves the Industry Upkeep of a unit (round up). It may only be taken once and incurs no additional Upkeep.

+X Regenerating: This Added Capability is also called Self Sustaining. Regenerating units will slowly repair themselves after battle, as well as re-arm all their weapons and maintain their systems without Industry resupply. Regenerating converts all Industry Upkeep to Ether, makes repairs faster and cheaper, and increases damage control saves. Taking this Added Capability more than once increases the speed at which self-repair happens. Regenerating incurs no additional Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+X Added Mobility (Vehicles): Added Mobility allows vehicles to move faster, either due to more powerful engines, better suspension, or perhaps just incredibly reckless drivers. This increased speed is strategically very useful as it allows forces to quickly manoeuvre through and past their foes, making this Added Capability invaluable for breakthrough forces. Added Mobility may be taken multiple times, but each Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Added Mobility (Infantry): Added Mobility functions differently for Infantry and Humanoid Vehicles than for all other vehicles. It does not allow them to travel faster from point to point, but instead makes them more mobile on the battlefield. This mobility makes them harder to kill, as they can quickly navigate difficult obstacles as well as dodge from cover to cover and thus increases their protection. This Added Capability functions best in areas with plenty of obstacles and cover. Only Infantry and Humanoid Vehicle Types may use this Added Capability, and they may not use Added Mobility (Vehicles). It may be taken multiple times, but for each Added Mobility (Infantry) Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Boosters: Boosters function the same for both Infantry/Humanoid Vehicles and all other Vehicles. Boosters are much more powerful engines than normal, and grant a greater speed increase than normal Added Mobility (Vehicles) Added Capabilities. At +1 Boosters allow very swift travel, as well as jumps of unusual height and distance. At +2 and higher units may actually conduct a form of low altitude flight and actually pass over intervening terrain. Units with boosters can also function in Space, though only Infantry and Humanoid Types will do so well. Boosters may be taken multiple times, but each Added Capability (including the first) incurs +1 Ether Upkeep, as boosters are real fuel hogs. When taken as an expendable external this Added Capability is sometimes called “Chutes,” and used to simulate troops jumping out of aircraft, either by parachute or by more snazzy devices like gravity chutes or retro boosters.

+1 Legs: The Legs Added Capability allows a normal Vehicle to shed its wheels or tracks and gain the mobility abilities of Humanoid Vehicle Types. Legged vehicles are usually slower than wheeled vehicles over open terrain, but are hindered less by difficult terrain, and are more agile in battle and so more likely to avoid incoming fire. Taking this Added Capability turns a vehicle into something similar to a Battlemech. Infantry, Battlesuits and Hyper Advanced Armour have no need to take this Added Capability as it functions exactly like Added Mobility (Infantry). Legs can be taken only once and incurs no additional Upkeep.

+X Arms: The Arms Added Capability gives a unit extra motivators with which to carry and manipulate things. Each +1 Arms allows a unit to carry one extra External Added Capability. This Added Capability also slightly enhances a units ability in Close Combat. Arms may be taken multiple times, and does not incur any extra Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+1 Amphibious: Units with Amphibious are equally capable in water as they are on land. This Added Capability is often given to Elite Infantry and Special Forces acting as Frogmen, as well as to vehicles designed to be used on- and even under-water, such as submersible mobile suits. This Added Capability is not required for units that are just being used to wade through shallow rivers or off landing craft, but is intended for those that intend to make water their element. It converts a unit's equipment, including weapons, shields, boosters and so forth to function properly underwater as well as above. Amphibious Mobility can only be taken once, and has no effect outside of the water.

+1 Environmental Training (Mountains/Winter/Desert/Space/Jungle-Woodland/Urban): Planets are often covered in varying and difficult – even dangerous – environments. These environments can limit the combat ability of an army, unless soldiers are specially trained to deal with them. Units with Environmental Training may ignore some of the minuses for fighting in inclement environments. Environmental Training may only be taken once, incurs no extra Upkeep, and is normally a Slot Free Added Capability. If taken as an external this Added Capability is considered Environmental Equipment and is not Slot Free, taking up one external slot, and costing the usual External Upkeep. It otherwise functions exactly the same as Environmental Training.

+1 Loyalty Training: Thanks to a highly selective screening process and a steady diet of propaganda these troops are loyal to death. Units with this cap have a higher resistance to enemy subversion and will be the last troops to rebel, if ever. In addition, whether by suicidal fanaticism or rear of the Commissar’s wrath, these troops will undertake missions that any other sane solider would balk at. Loyalty Training can only be taken once, incurs no extra Upkeep, and counts as a Slot Free added capability. If taken as an external this Added Capability it is considered to be additional equipment (slave collars, or neural whips perhaps?) and is not Slot Free, taking up one external slot, and costing the usual External Upkeep. It otherwise functions exactly the same as Loyalty Training.

+1/+2 Space Based (Ortillery): This Added Capability is for Artillery Types only. A Power may have the need for dedicated orbital weapon systems without having to pay for all the other associated systems involved in making a Space Fortification. In those cases artillery can be modified to be Space Based, which allows them to be placed and function properly in orbit and deep space. Space Based Artillery has enough mobility to shift targets and make small positional changes, but it is otherwise effectively immobile, and must be carried to new locations by ships. Typically space-based Artillery (sometimes known as Ortillery) makes up constellations of orbital fire support beam cannons, rings of defensive missile pods and other systems of the sort. Space Based is a +1 Added Capability for all Artillery types save Grand Cannons, where it is a +2 Added Capability. Space Based Grand Cannon can fire at the planet below, though their firepower is partially diffused by the atmosphere. Whether a +1 or +2, Space Based incurs no additional Upkeep.

+X Casting Chamber: A casting chamber is an area on a large unit purposefully designed to amplify the effects of spellcraft. It can be equipped on any unit with a base batch size of 1/10 or larger, providing a free level of AoE for spells cast by a mage within it and reducing the enchantment cost of the unit in question as if it were one ML lower. Only one mage can be assigned to any particular casting chamber.

+1 Multifusion (Tech/Magic): It is possible to build a military unit with more than one Technomagical or Magitech Fusion. For each Fusion after the first a batch must take a Multifusion Added Capability. Each Multifusion Added Capability applies only to a specific combination of Tech and Magic, so a unit with Engineering/Movement, Engineering/Material, and Engineering/Creation would still need two Multifusion Added Capabilities. Multifusion is Build Free and Slot Free, and does not increase Upkeep.

Reduced Capabilities

-1/-2 Reduced Armour: Reduced Armour reduces the physical protection of a unit by 50% if taken once, and utterly removes all physical protection if taken twice. A Type that would normally be un-armoured or lightly protected can only take this Reduced Capability once.

-1/-2 Reduced Shields: Like Reduced Armour, taking this once reduces shields to 50% strength, and twice removes them completely. It does not affect the Upkeep of a unit in any way. A Type that would normally be un-shielded obviously cannot take this, and one that would normally have very weak shields, like smaller but highly advanced vehicles such as high end tanks lose their shields entirely with the first minus.

-1 Reduced Cargo Capacity: In Logistics Vehicles or Infantry Carriers this halves the amount that the vehicle can carry. It can only be taken once, since a Truck unable to carry anything, or a Halftrack unable to load any troops is a pretty pointless vehicle.

-1/-2 Slow/Immobile: The unit in question is just slow. Taking this Reduced Capability once cuts speed in half, and twice makes the unit totally immobile. Obviously a Type that is already immobile by definition, such as a Grand Cannon, cannot take this Reduced Capability. Also a Type that already suffers from reduced mobility such as Very Heavy Artillery will become immobile upon taking this once.

-1 Reduced Weapons Range: This Reduced Capability cuts the maximum range of a vehicle’s weapon systems, and is common on specialized close combat vehicles like flamethrower tanks and such that have no need to engage targets at longer ranges.

-1 Sensors/Tracking: Units with this Reduced Capability have problems with finding and engaging targets, and unless attacking from ambush will generally be engaged before they can shoot back. It is best to group units with this Reduced Capability together since if placed with other units that are faster to engage they will rarely get a chance to shoot before their comrades deal with the enemy, or they are destroyed themselves.

-1 Command: Units with this Reduced Capability are uncoordinated and often unreliable. They will be slow to respond to orders, and have trouble reacting to unpredictable situations. Garrison and trench-bound forces can often get away with this Reduced Capability with little detriment (so long as the enemy doesn’t break through!), but it can severely hamper offensive operations.

-1 High Visibility: The units in question are extremely visible on sensors, more so than would be normal for their Type, and sensors and guided weapons have a very easy time locking onto and engaging them. This isn’t just a throwaway Reduced Capability; in an environment of modern war it can be an early death sentence. Even without advanced sensors it often manifests as other telltale giveaways, such as vast clouds of smoke or a noise that can be heard miles away.

-1 Increased Upkeep: The unit in question just is not efficient in one area or another. –1 Increased Upkeep doubles the upkeep costs in the selected area; either Wealth, Industry or Ether. It should be noted that Types with extra Wealth demands must now pay that Wealth Upkeep monthly when under War Upkeep.

-1 Export Model: Export Model units are built with a significantly lower number of Advancement points within an Advancement Level than the Power is capable of. If the unit is 50 Advancement points or more lower than what the Power is capable of building it gains a -1 Reduced Capability to build the unit, allowing cheaper and faster construction. This does not apply to Advancement levels but to Advancement points within those levels. For example: a TL 5 Power building a TL 3 tank is normally assumed to have built one with an Advancement of 3.99. However if such a Power were to build a vehicle at 3.5 Advancement points it would gain a -1 Reduced Capability for building a WWII panzer rather than a post modern MBT. However, if a TL 5 power were to build a TL 3 tank at 3.99, it does not gain this Reduced Capability, as it is building the tank at the maximum level 3 technology. This Reduced Capability only applies within Tech Levels.

-2 Single Use: This negative capability refers to units which are intended to be used exactly once, taking the form of expendable drones, pustulent exploding zombies, arms of very dubious manufacturing quality or in more macabre situations as kamikaze units. Regardless of the outcome, they shall only ever see battle once and be lost afterwards.

Army Upkeep

This is the part everyone hates, but like it or not, those massive militaries have to be maintained. Upkeep comes in three separate parts: the money you have to pay for your forces or Wealth; the goods you have to make to keep them going or Industry, and the fuel you have to use to run them or Ether. Upkeep is always based on the Base Batch Cost, and then modified by the effects of any additional Added Capabilities. It is paid once a year, except in specific circumstances detailed later.

Three Types of Upkeep

Wealth:

Your troops need to be paid, as do the mechanics who work on your war machines, and the service people who feed and clothe them, and more. This is Wealth Upkeep. All Types have to pay this regardless of tech level, and as with all Upkeep costs it is based on the Base Batch Cost of the Type, so 10,000 Skilled Infantry would have a Wealth Upkeep of 1, as would 50 Special Forces. A Grand Cannon on the other hand would have a Wealth Upkeep of 10. Wealth is almost never subject to increased Upkeep (unless you decide to pay the troops more for some reason) but it can be reduced or even removed by automating certain processes. Partially automated systems (a +1 Added Capability) pay half Wealth Upkeep while fully automated systems (a +2 Added Capability; essentially full Artificial Intelligence) pay no Wealth Upkeep at all.

Industry:

Your troops also need to be fed, clothed, and armed, and their vehicles need ammunition and parts. This is Industry Upkeep. Once war reaches the industrial age and becomes an exercise in materiel expenditure Industry becomes a vital necessity for all units. Like Wealth, Industry Upkeep is based on the Base Batch Cost, however it is more commonly subject to increases caused by Added Capabilities such as extra weapons. In such a case, additional Upkeep for the Added Capabilities is simply added to that of the basic Industrial Upkeep for the Type. Industrial Upkeep can be reduced by such Added Capabilities as Low Maintenance, which halves the Necessary Industrial Upkeep. The most advanced military forces can also pay the Industrial Upkeep instead as Ether Upkeep by using regeneration and replication technologies.

Ether:

As they are dependent on fuel to run, all Vehicles always have Ether Upkeep. For vehicles Ether Upkeep is based on their Base Batch Cost and any Added Capability costs they incur. Infantry do not have Ether upkeep, and only gain it if they take Added Capabilities that incur extra Ether Upkeep. There are no ways to reduce Ether Upkeep, and it must always be paid in full for a unit to function.

Upkeep in Wartime

Normally Upkeep is paid on a yearly basis, one payment being enough to last a Batch for a 12-month period. However war devours resources at an astonishing rate and the normal yearly payment assumes only peacetime expenditures. Units in combat thus must pay Upkeep on a monthly rather than yearly basis, at least for Industry and Ether. It is a rare army that pays its troops extra simply for doing their jobs, so Wealth Upkeep remains the same.

This war upkeep makes modern combat a very expensive proposition, and difficult to sustain without massive support infrastructure, extensive pre-war stockpiling, or both.

Limiting Upkeep Payments

Apart from buying expensive Added Capabilities to cut down on Upkeep there are a number of strategies a power can use to reduce the drain of its Armies on its economy and infrastructure.

Firstly you don’t have to pay your men. Your soldiers won’t instantly desert if you don’t pay the Wealth Upkeep. However, troops without pay still have to eat. While they may hang around out of patriotism, they may also begin looking for other ways to supplement their non-existent incomes, such as crime. Fail to pay them for long enough in peacetime and morale will plummet, training standards will fall, and effectiveness as a cohesive force drop. However, if you’re in the midst of a desperate war against an enemy who is already kicking your ass, not receiving their paychecks probably won’t affect troop morale much.

Similarly, you also don’t have to pay the Industrial and Ether Upkeep. Doing so however will enforce a level of idleness in the army that is bad for training standards and tends to lower morale. You can get away with this for a few years, or by only using selected units – a few units detailed to barracks duties each year on a rotating basis won’t harm overall capability much – but if you shut down the entire army, and especially if you do it for more than a year, the troops are going to begin losing their edge. Also, after five years of general inactivity, most of the equipment will be totally unserviceable. However, having units that only activate once every two or three years is a good way to simulate reserves.

During wartime there is also no requirement to have the entire army active at once. Indeed in many cases this may not be possible. Units can be rotated onto and off the battlefront, both to rest them up and to conserve supplies. Portions of a force can be placed on reduced activity or held in strategic reserve to concentrate supplies in critical sectors, or save up for general offensives.

Army Logistics

Logistics is the science of supply and transport. It’s all very well to have food, parts, ammunition and fuel, but it still has to find its way to the units that need it when they need it. It’s also great to have armoured hordes, but worthless if they can’t be moved to where they’re needed. Logistics plays a big part in Lords of Ether, though it is greatly simplified (in real life logistics is a fiendishly complex thing which would take more pages than this entire manual to detail). Nevertheless, the army that ignores logistics does so at its peril.

Supplies

In general all Batches carry one full Upkeep load of Industry and Ether – enough to last them either a year in peacetime, or a month in wartime. Once that runs out they need to restock. This can be done by either bringing them to the supplies (rolling them into a depot) or by bringing the supplies to them (sending out a convoy of trucks).

When anything of significance needs to be moved, the Cargo Points it takes up must be considered. Industry for military forces takes the form of finished goods, which take up 5,000 Cargo Points per 1 point of Industry.

Ether takes up a multitude of forms depending on the tech level of its storage devices:

Pure Ether/Etherite Coal/Ethernol: 5,000 CP per 1 point of Ether

This is the most common form of Ether, and is used by all Powers prior to the development of more efficient Etheric storage systems.

Ether Cell (Physics/Mathematics 4): 1,000 CP per 1 point of Ether

An Ether Cell is concentrated Ether in a battery-like apparatus. It can be recharged from lesser forms of Ether and is a very stable method of continued power, as well as less bulky.

Etheric Fusion Catalyst (Chemistry 4): 1,000 CP per 1 point of Ether

Etheric Fusion Catalysts store Ether in concentrated forms, and then break it down with various chemical reactions. Where an Ether Cell puts out a steady stream of power, Fusion Catalysts are great for sudden, whopping great expenditures.

ZPE Reactors/Geode Reactors: Most ground vehicles are too small to mount such devices as ZPE or Geode Reactors, however the larger craft (Base Batch Cost 1 point per 10 and higher) can squeeze such apparatus in. If they do so, they use the rules for ships, found in Section 6C. Navies. At the higher Advancement levels the space taken up by forms of Ether decreases, which allows Batches using those less bulky forms to carry proportionally greater amounts. A vehicle running on an Ether Cell has a fuel source taking up 1/5th the space compared to that of a vehicle running on Ethernol, and so could carry five Upkeep loads of Ether rather than just one. This is not the default however. Unless otherwise stated a Batch is always assumed to be carrying a single Upkeep payment – no more. Also if a vehicle carrying extra fuel is lost in battle, the extra fuel is unlikely to be recoverable and will be lost as well.

So, a Tank (Armour) formation of 500 vehicles (5 Batches of 100) with an Upkeep of 5 Industry and 5 Wealth and 5 Ether would, in wartime, require resupply in Industry and Ether every month. Assuming TL 3 the vehicles will be running off Ethernol. Thus to resupply them they will require 25,000 Cargo Points worth of Industry and 25,000 Cargo Points worth of Ether. A TL 3 Logistics Vehicle can carry 50 Cargo Points, so that’s 1,000 trips by a single Logistics vehicle, or one trip by 1,000. A great deal of how you structure your resupply depends on the military situation – distance from your supply bases, speed of advance, number of vehicles and security of your rear areas.

Logistics can be skimmed over in the defence where fighting takes place near sources of supply, but those contemplating offensive war should pay particular attention to ensuring they have sufficient transport to move all their supplies.

Travel

Troops take time to move across the countryside, with mounted and mechanized forces moving the swiftest. Travel is calculated by Terrain Regions, and the more difficult the regional terrain, the longer the journey takes.

Under their own power, Infantry can travel an open region in about a month, but can take two or three times as long to traverse Difficult or Very Difficult Terrain. Vehicles take about a week, though Difficult Terrain can slow this, and in some cases Very Difficult Terrain is totally impassable to them unless key routes are secured.

In war these movement rates can be dramatically slowed as enemies make the advancing forces pay for every step of ground. In peacetime with no immediate threats any TL3 or higher civilization is assumed to have a road and rail network that allows the transport of troops from any one Region to another within the space of a week, regardless of distance. However in wartime such networks can be subject to attack which can make traveling on them hazardous.

It should be noted that Armies do not pay extra Upkeep for traveling, and the fuel costs for road moves and long marches are considered part of their normal upkeep, both in war and peace.

Army units with Boosters may move in Space, though they may only use them to fly from point to nearby point (such as jetting from one starship over to the next in a boarding action). The exception is Humanoid Vehicles, which are considered Slow, Mid ranged Aircraft when equipped with boosters and deployed in space (on a planet they function as any other booster equipped ground unit). They may also use Aircraft Booster Packs, paying the same for them as Aircraft of a similar Batch Size (See Section 4B. Air Forces for more details).

Cargo Point Values for Transport

Armies don’t always remain on their home continent, or even home planet. Often they need to be moved vast distances over sea or stars. The most common method of doing this is with naval forces, primarily freighters (detailed in 5C. Navies) though air transport is also common (detailed in 4B. Air Forces). Like Logistics Vehicles, Freighters and air transport have a certain Cargo Capacity, described in Cargo Points that they can carry. All Army Types also have rough Cargo Point values that they take up. These Cargo Point, or “CP” values are detailed below:

Infantry CP Values: Infantry have two different Cargo Point “settings”. One is for brief transport; journeys lasting no more than a day or so. The other is for long trips of weeks or months where the men must live, eat and sleep on their particular transport. For brief journeys infantry take only 1 Cargo Point per man. For long journeys they take 10. This is the same for all Tech Levels, as the living space requirements remain roughly the same. It is possible to cram soldiers in tighter on long journeys however their combat effectiveness will suffer significantly when they arrive at their destination. Unlike vehicles, normal infantry do not take up extra space when carried by Air.

Power Armoured Infantry CP Values: An important point to note is that infantry equipped with power armour (+2 armour or more) take up twice as much CP (so 2 CP and 20 CP), as the armour and its assorted munitions and maintenance gear take extra space. Note that this applies to Infantry Carriers as well, so a normal TL3 Infantry Carrier can carry 10 infantry, or 5 infantry in power armour. Power armoured infantry also take up twice this value (so 4 CP) if carried by aircraft, which have problems with the extra weight.

Logistics Vehicle CP Values: Logistics Vehicles take their own Cargo Capacity in Cargo Points to move, +50%. So a Tech Level 3 truck (50 CP) would take 75 Cargo Points if it were being carried inside another vehicle. It could however still carry 50CP worth of cargo within itself at the same time. Thus Logistics Vehicles effectively only take up 50% of their Cargo Capacity in CP. Because of their weight of Vehicles, Logistics Vehicles double the CP they take up if carried by Aircraft or Aviation, however they take up no extra space if transported by ship.

Reconnaissance Forces/Battlesuits: These units are relatively small and lightweight and take up 50 CP per vehicle, or 100 CP if carried by air, however they take up no extra space if transported by ship.

Infantry Carriers/Light Armour: These vehicles are significantly heavier than Reconnaissance Forces or Battlesuits and take up 100 CP per vehicle, or 200 CP if carried by Air, however they take up no extra space if transported by ship. Unlike Logistics Vehicles, Infantry Carriers may not transport supplies or troops while loaded in another vehicle – that would be both unsafe and uncomfortable.

Armour/SP Artillery: These vehicles take up 200 CP per vehicle, or 400 CP if carried by air, however they take up no extra space if transported by ship.

Very Heavy Armour/Very Heavy Artillery/Hyper Advanced Armour: These vehicles take 500 CP a piece or 1,000 CP if transported by air. As with all other vehicles they take up no extra space when transported by ship. Hyper Advanced Armour can also use Deck Space like Aircraft, and take up 5 DP.

Mobile Gun Forts/Super Artillery: These vehicles are quite massive and take up 1,000 CP or 2,000 CP if transported by air. As with all other vehicles they take up no extra space it transported by ship.

Land Dreadnoughts: Land Dreadnoughts are huge machines and take up 10,000 CP, or (if you somehow find an aircraft large enough) 20,000 CP if moved by air.

MegaDreads: These monsters take 100,000 CP. They cannot be moved by Air.

Grand Cannon: Grand Cannon cannot be moved in the usual transport manner, however Space Based Grand Cannon can be towed according to the rules found in Section 5C. Navies.

4. Air Forces

Air forces are a useful component of any modern military. They are equally handy for providing close air support for ground forces, defending and attacking naval forces, as well as performing long range strategic strikes and defending the homeland against enemy attack. With proper substitutes (such as a healthy focus on anti-aircraft weapons) a Nation can survive without an air force, but it will find many operations very problematic without the aid of aircraft.

Many Complex Air Force units can break free of the gravity of a planet on their own, and there is fundamentally little difference between flying in the sky over a planet or flying through space or the “Deep Sky” - save that puttering about the Deep Sky takes longer. For that reason, unless limited by Reduced Capabilities such as “Space Only”, the concept of a “starfighter” has little meaning in Lords of Ether.

Air Force Types

The forces that make up an Air Force are divided based on role and function, and grouped into the categories of Tactical Air, Strategic Air, Airlift, Army Aviation, and Airships. Each of these categories has additional subtypes. Within each subtype a set number of craft are gathered together as a Batch and given a Base Batch Cost. For example; in the Type “Fighter” there are 25 Fighters in a Batch, for a Base Batch Cost of 1 point. This is used in determining Upkeep costs and also in determining the Production Point cost and Production Time for building those units (see Section 9: Production for more details).

More so than Army or Navy Types, Air Force Types vary widely in capabilities. Each Type has varying capabilities concerning things like defensive firepower, agility, durability and so on. However, two of the most important capabilities are speed and range. As a result, each aircraft in its description has a rating for its speed relative to other aircraft at its tech level - that is; Very Slow, Slow, Average, Fast and Very Fast. Each also has a range listing: Short, Mid, Long and Very Long.

Aviation aircraft are, without exception, Very Slow and Short ranged. As they are intended for tactical support of troops on the battlefield (their name is drawn from the term Army Aviation) this is rarely a serious problem for them, as they are still faster than the troops and tanks who are their chosen prey (even those with Boosters). They make up for any lack of speed or range in agility, armour and firepower. While able to carry less than their Airlift compatriots, Aviation is extremely useful for transporting troops into and out of very hot combat zones that would be suicide for Airlift to venture into.

Rather than an actual Aircraft, Booster packs are a special Type of device that can be added to any tactical, Strategic, Aviation or Airlift Types (as well as Battlesuits and Hyper Advanced Armour) to increase their speed, give them the ability to break orbit, and sometimes also carry extra weapons and combat systems. While not actually aircraft themselves, they are a distinct system and may also mount their own Added Capabilities. Their power and capability is related to the Type they are mounted on.

Airships act more like ships that other Aircraft and so have their own speed and range ratings. For details on what these ratings actually translate into, see Travel at the bottom of this Section

Tactical Aircraft Types

Prop Scouts: 1 for 500 Cheap, low performance aircraft that are all but unable to defend themselves normally, prop scouts represent things like low end drones, tactical air-launched decoys, loiter munitions and world war one scout planes. They can make excellent observation platforms and house kamikaze warheads, but are all but useless in the context of actual air to air combat.

Jet Scout: 1 point per 100 These are unarmed scouts. These aircraft have Average speed and are Short ranged. They take up ¼ of a Deck Point when calculating how many can fit on an aircraft carrier or Deck Capacity capable vessel.

Fighter: 1 point per 25 The main purpose of Fighter aircraft is to shoot down other aircraft, though when multi-rolled with the Ground Attack Added Capability they can become very credible strike aircraft as well. Even without that modification a fighter has some ground attack ability. However, its main role is air to air and to that end a Fighter usually employs a combination of speed and agility, backed by guns and/or missiles. Most jet engine air-to-air craft fall into this category, such as A MiG-29s and F-15s. These aircraft are Fast and Mid ranged, and take up a standard 1 Deck Point on carriers.

Interceptor: 1 point per 25 Interceptors are a sub-category of Fighter that trade manoeuvrability for speed. They are designed to race out quickly and intercept bombers. They are not designed for fighter engagements and so lack the ability to dogfight, preferring to engage at longer ranges. They also have a no real ability to perform strike missions. Aircraft like the MiG-25 or F-104 “Starfighter” fall into this category. These aircraft are Very Fast and Mid ranged take up a standard 1 Deck Point on carriers.

Strike Fighter: 1 point per 25 A Strike Fighter, sometimes called a Close Air Support (CAS) aircraft or fighter-bomber (a moniker it often shares with multi-role fighters), is an aircraft optimized for delivering ordnance against ground or naval targets. It is most often used for close support of other forces (tank busting is a speciality of some) and while slower than most fighters tends to be fairly nimble and so can serve as a second line fighter in a pinch. An A-10 “Warthog” or A-6 “Intruder” would fall into this category. These aircraft are of Average speed, and Mid ranged. Being not much larger than a Fighter they take up a similar 1 Deck Point.

Interdictor Aircraft: 1 point per 25 An Interdictor Aircraft is a faster fighter-bomber designed for penetration missions into the teeth of heavy defences. They often operate deep over the lines and are often tasked to hit tactical targets in the enemy’s rear areas, such as airbases, railheads, and supply depots. Due to their requirements to penetrate through enemy defenses they are quite fast, and possess a limited ability to defend themselves. In a low threat environment they can even function as backup Interceptors. However they carry less ordnance than Strike Fighters. These aircraft are Fast and Mid ranged, and take up 1 Deck Point.

Super Fighter: 1 point per 5 A Super Fighter is a fighter aircraft of near unbelievable abilities, greatly outperforming lesser aircraft in all areas. Hideously expensive modern planes like the F-22, and Macross Veritechs fall into this category. At 2 Deck Points a pop Super Fighters take up a bit more space than normal fighters, sometimes from size, but mostly from additional support equipment. They are considered Very Fast and are Mid ranged.

Strategic Aircraft Types

Heavy Strategic Bomber: 1 point per 10 These planes are designed for striking strategic targets at range and usually deep in enemy territory. While relatively slow, and certainly not fighters by any stretch they are not defenseless, often packing guns and powerful countermeasures, and usually capable of taking serious punishment. B-52s fall into this category. They are Average speed and Long ranged, and if put on a carrier (quite a feat) take up 8 Deck Points. For this reason they are more commonly flown from planetary bases.

Fast Strategic Bombers: 1 point per 10 The primary difference between heavy Strategic Bombers and Fast Strategic Bombers is that the latter trades some defensive armament and half the payload for speed and a level of manoeuvrability, making it as fast as a fighter, and agile enough for demanding manoeuvres like nap-of-the earth flight at high speed. Aircraft like the B1-B “Lancer” and Tu-160 “Blackjack” are examples of this type. These aircraft are Fast and Long ranged. Like Heavy Strategic Bombers they take up a whopping 8 Deck Points, usually relegating them to planetary bases as well.

Super Bombers: 1 point per 1 The biggest kid on the bomber-block, the Super Strategic Bomber is for if you find that 'normal' bombers don't cut it. They possess both powerful anti-ship and anti-ground capabilities as well as lethal anti-air weapons. For their size they can also be surprisingly agile, though mostly they rely on speed and power. Good examples of these are the enormous aircraft seen as end bosses in top-scrolling shooters - they have no real life counterpart. These aircraft are Fast and Very Long ranged. If by some miracle they are crammed onto a carrier, they take up 20 Deck Points.

Airlift Types

Light Airlift Transports: 1 point per 50 These are small aircraft, capable of carrying a couple platoons of men or a single vehicle. Large executive and biz jets fall into this category. Like all Airlift Types they are naturally unarmed, and are not combat aircraft. They are of Average speed and Mid ranged, and if put on a carrier take up 2 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 25.

Medium Airlift Transports: 1 point per 25 Larger transport aircraft, these can carry significantly more cargo than their lighter cousins over longer ranges. The C-17 is a good example of this type. They are Slow and Long ranged, and if put on a carrier take up 6 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 50.

Heavy Airlift Transports: 1 point per 10 The biggest airlift transport normally seen, these giant aircraft carry immense amounts of men and materiel across long distances. Aircraft like the C5 Galaxy and the An-140 are examples of this type. They are Slow and Very Long ranged, and if crammed onto a carrier take up 10 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 100.

Super Airlift Transports: 1 point per 1 An immense aircraft, capable of carrying an entire company of tanks, platoons of Mobile Gun Forts or even (with the appropriate combination of Added Capabilities) Land Dreadnoughts. Super Airlift Transports are so massive they do not suffer from the usual double CP values when transporting vehicles. It also means that they can take an incredible amount of punishment and still fly. On the flipside, this massive size means they suffer from the same double Ether fuel costs as Naval Capital Ships. The Garuda class transports from Zeta Gundam are an example of this kind of aircraft. These lumbering planes have all the agility of a brick, and are Slow and Very Long ranged, and if somehow put on a carrier take up 50 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 1,000.

Aviation Types

Aviation Scout: 1 point per 100 Aviation Scouts are small rotary or vertol aircraft. These are the eyes and ears of an army on the move, and often the picket scouts of a fleet on patrol. While slower and shorter ranged than Jet Scouts they are significantly better armed. Kiowas and 'Little Birds' are a good example of this type. If put on a carrier they take up 1/4 of a Deck Point.

Gunship: 1 point per 25 As a pure-combat Aviation Type, Gunships pack a tremendous amount of firepower in the form of guns, AT-rockets and missiles. If given the right Added Capabilities they can even be a match for Fighters. Apaches and Hinds are two good examples of this type. If put on a carrier they take up 1 Deck Point, and if given cargo capacity (as many are), they have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 5.

Light Aviation Transport: 1 point per 50 Compact transport aircraft, Light Aviation can carry a small amount of cargo or troops. Hueys and Blackhawks are of this type. As all Aviation aircraft can carry a significant amount of firepower, Light Aviation can make for serviceable gunships if properly outfitted with weapons. If put on a carrier they take up 1 Deck Point. They have a Cargo Capacity of their Tech Level times 10.

Medium Aviation Transport: 1 point per 25 Larger rotary-wing transports, or vertol or hover aircraft, Medium Aviation Transports can carry several times the cargo of their smaller cousins. The large Mi-26 and Chinook helicopters are good examples of this type, and the Dropship from “Aliens” is an example of Medium Aviation rigged for combat. If put on a carrier they take up 2 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 20.

Heavy Aviation Transport: 1 point per 10 Heavy Aviation is for carrying particularly large loads and has no real-world counterparts. If given enough weapons they can become veritable hovering firebases, though that is not really their best use. Rather, they are better suited for carrying very heavy loads right to the combat zone, as unlike other Aviation types they do not suffer from the usual double CP values when carrying vehicles. If put on a carrier they take up 6 Deck Points. They have a Cargo Capacity of their tech level times 50.

Booster Pack Types

Booster Pack (Rocket or Fo/Fi): Variable Cost Booster packs are devices that can be added to any Tactical, Strategic, Aviation or Airlift Type to increase their speed or agility, give them the ability to break orbit, and sometimes also carry extra weapons and combat systems. A capless or base booster is equivalent to a +1 booster added cap on the unit in question, and can take additional added caps per TL as normal. Booster Packs come in the same Batch Size as the Type they are made for, so Fighter/Interceptor/STRIKE/Interdictor/Medium Airlift/Medium Aviation/Gunship Booster Packs would all cost 1 point per 25 (And be interchangeable between all seven Types). Booster Packs have no Wealth Upkeep and take up no extra Deck Points, but have base IUU and EU upkeep and gain additional upkeep as normal for added caps.

Sensor Aircraft Types

Sensor Aircraft: Variable Cost – 1/5 x Parent Batch Size Sensor Aircraft are not their own distinct Type, but are rather a modification applied to other Aircraft. Sensor Aircraft are equipped with powerful sensors and command and control systems, and are used to monitor the battlefield. Sensor Aircraft divides the Batch Size of an Aircraft by five, so Fighter Sensor Aircraft would be 1 point per 5, rather than 1 point per 25, while Heavy Airlift Transport Sensor Aircraft would be 1 point per 2 rather than 1 point per 10. The E-3 Sentry AWACS is a perfect example of a Heavy Airlift Transport equipped as a Sensor Aircraft. The larger the Sensor Aircraft, the more sensor and command gear it can contain and the more effective it will be. Apart from modifying the size of the chosen Batch, Sensor Aircraft incurs no other costs.

Airship Types

Small Airship (Patrol): 1 point per 25 This is a small airship or blimp; usually just a gas bag with a gondola slung underneath. Unlike its simple counterparts, complex Small Airships have more powerful jet engines granting them extra speed, as well as more durable skin and less flammable components. These craft are good for loitering patrols, and with a bit of Ether enhancement to its lifting gas, able to zip up into the Deep Sky.

Small Airship (Cargo): 1 point per 25 This is a jet-blimp with its weapons removed and rigged for cargo duties. In this role it can carry 1/25th the amount of an equivalent tech Freighter, so 400 CP at TL3, 600 CP at TL4 and 1,000 CP at TL5. As they are still considered aircraft they suffer from the usual CP doubling effect when carrying Vehicles.

Large Airship (Combat): 1 point per 5 This is your usual Zeppelin, but now with new and improved jet engines. More comparable to a fast ship rather than a slow aircraft, they are roughly equivalent to a Small warship, though like all airships they are significantly more fragile. They have internal hangars for 2 DP worth of shuttles and scouts, though they are not Carriers.

Large Airship (Cargo): 1 point per 5 This is a jet-Zeppelin rigged for transport rather than combat. With the weapons removed these craft can carry 1/5 the amount of an equivalent tech Freighter, so 2,000 CP at TL3, 3000 CP at TL4 and 5,000 CP at TL5. As they are still considered aircraft they suffer from the usual CP doubling effect when carrying Vehicles.

Super Airship (Combat): 1 point per 1 This is the kind of Airship the Count dreamed of, but never got to build. Designed as warships they fall somewhere between a Cruiser and a Battleship in firepower, though they are not as durable. They have internal hangars for 5 DP worth of shuttles and scouts, though they are not Carriers unless given Deck Point Added Capabilities.

Super Airship (Cargo): 1 point per 1 This is a Super-Airship rigged for transport rather than combat. With the weapons removed these craft can carry the same amount as an equivalent tech Freighter, so 10,000 CP at TL3, 15,000 CP at TL4 and 25,000 CP at TL5. As they are still considered aircraft they suffer from the usual CP doubling effect when carrying Vehicles.

Leviathan Airship (Combat): 5 points per 1 This Airship is the kind that lives only in the mad fantasies of the wildest SF writers – an Airship as big as a small town. They are roughly equal to a Super Capital Ship in firepower, though below Battleships in durability. They have internal hangars for 25 DP worth of shuttles and scouts, though they are not true Carriers unless given Deck Point Added Capabilities.

Leviathan Transport (Cargo): 5 points per 1 This is a Leviathan Airship rigged for transport rather than combat. With the weapons removed these craft can carry five times the Cargo Capacity of an equivalent tech Freighter, so 50,000 CP at TL3, 75,000 CP at TL4 and 125,000 CP at TL5. As they are still considered aircraft they suffer from the usual CP doubling effect when carrying Vehicles.

Modifications

Modifications are either positive modifiers called Added Capabilities that increase the power and abilities of a unit, but also increase its cost; or negative modifiers called Reduced Capabilities that reduce the power and abilities of a unit, but also reduce its cost.

Added Capabilities are represented by a “+”, such as “+1 Weapons,” or “+2 Shields.” Some Added Capabilities can be taken multiple times, up to the slot limit of the unit in question, while others can only be taken a limited number of times.

Most technological units, especially at the higher Advancement Levels, already come with a vast array of capabilities. It is not necessary to take “Guided Missiles” as an Added Capability for at TL 4 Fighter, or “Radar” for a TL 5 Super Bomber as such devices are assumed to be standard equipment. Thus Added Capabilities are generally broad and sweeping. Each Added Capability takes up one “slot”. The Tech Level of a unit directly determines how many Added Capabilities it can take and how much extra they will cost. Thus a Tech Level 3 unit has three “slots” for Added Capabilities.

Units can exceed this limit by taking what are called “External Added Capabilities.” These are devices which are not integral to the unit, but instead are attached in some manner, such as hastily bolted on, or stuffed into the rucksack. All units can take one External Added Capability, unless they take Added Capabilities, which increase this.

However External Added Capabilities are not as efficient as normal Added Capabilities and always incur extra upkeep (usually Ether), even if the Added Capability they are based on would not normally incur extra Upkeep. Thus a +1 External would increase Upkeep by one, and a +2 External by two, and so on. Externals are discussed in greater detail in Section 9. Production.

Taking more than a +1 in most Added Capabilities also incurs extra Upkeep. It should be noted that additional Upkeep costs do not cross over or accumulate between differing Added Capabilities. A +1 Armour Added Capability and a +1 Weapons Added Capability do not increase Upkeep for a unit. A unit can have many Added Capabilities without paying any additional Upkeep so long as they are dispersed across many areas. However, this does NOT mean that by being overly specific you can dodge these costs – more accurate missiles and extra missile warhead power are still both Weapons Added Capabilities and will incur extra Upkeep costs if taken as a slot each.

Booster Packs are a special case. Though they may take their own Added Capabilities, they pay +1 Upkeep for each Added Cap they take regardless. It should also be noted that Added Capabilities on Booster Packs are not as capable as those on their Parent Type – fully capped Booster Packs are thus an expensive luxury for many Air Forces.

It is important to realize that an aircraft with +1 Weapons is not as powerful as two units of the same Type, nor one with +1 Shields as tough as two without. Added Capabilities make a unit significantly more capable, but they don’t fully compensate for the increased cost. However, the advantage is that smaller, more capable air forces are easier to deploy and handle on the battlefield as they take up much less space and usually fewer supplies. For this reason a small, high-capped force can still defeat a much larger low-capped one.

Reduced Capabilities are modifiers that lower the capabilities of a unit, but also lower its cost. Each Reduced Capability cancels out the cost increase of one Added Capability. If there are no Added Capabilities left, or none have been taken, a Reduced Capability reduces the Basic Batch Cost of the unit by one half. Reduced capabilities are represented by a “-”. Reduced Capabilities are usually taken either as a -1 or a -2. A -1 is a serious (50% or more) reduction in Capability in the listed area. A -2 is a near total reduction in Capability in the listed area. As many different Reduced Capabilities as desired can be taken, though the Basic Batch Cost can never go below one half.

How Added and Reduced Capabilities affect the cost of units is discussed in detail in Section 9: Production.

Added Capabilities List:

+X Armour: Aircraft do not take well to armour as it weighs them down, greatly increases the strain on their engines and makes them less able to maneuver, and so it is less common on them than on others. While it can be taken multiple times on all air units, each time it is taken increases Ether Upkeep by +1, and reduces the agility of the aircraft. Aviation Types are the exception, and they may take Armour without penalty, and gain +1 Ether Upkeep for every Armour Added Capability after the first.

+X Shields/Point Defenses: Shields become available at TL4 and are energy barriers and fields, however TL3 units can simulate their effects with Point Defenses like the anti-missile missiles, and decoy pods. Shields or Point Defenses can be taken multiple times, but every Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether Upkeep due to increased energy drain by the shield generators, or Point Defence power packs.

+X Weapons: This added cap increases the general offensive firepower of a unit, and is one of the more common and widely used Added Capabilties. While it can add a bit of flavor to list such Added Capabilities as “+1 30mm Cannon,” or “+2 Smart Missiles,” the reasons for this increased firepower do not need to be specified. Weapons can be taken multiple times, but every Weapons Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether or Industry Upkeep due to increased ammunition demands. It should be specified whether the Upkeep is paid in Ether or IUU, and this cannot be changed – a 30mm cannon cannot suddenly be loaded with fuel cells rather than tungsten cored solid shells.

+X Close Combat Weapons: Close Combat Weapons are added caps that augment the ability of the unit to fight the enemy at point-blank range. For Complex Air Units they are usually powerful but short ranged weapons, such as very high rate of fire scatter guns, or short ranged cluster missiles, but they can also be actual melee weapons too. This Added Capability is used on planes that are pure dogfighters. Close Combat Weapons have the advantage of never adding to the upkeep of a unit, no matter how many times this Added Capability is taken.

+X Extended Range: This Added Capability extends the range of the unit’s weapons and sensors. It can be taken multiple times, but every Extended Range Added Capability over the first incurs an extra +1 Ether or Industry Upkeep. It should be specified whether the Upkeep is paid in Ether or IUU, and this cannot be changed.

+1 Long Range Weapons: Rather than actually extending the range of the unit, these are weapons designed for optimum performance at longer ranges - sniper rifles and antishipping missiles are two examples. Instead of gaining the standard firepower bonus for engaging at Close range, they gain firepower at Long range. This Added Capability may only be taken once, and once taken modifies ALL the weapons on the unit – you may not have a mix of Long Ranged and normal weapons.

+X Long Range Tanks: This Added Capability allows an aircraft to greatly increase its operational range. Each time this Added Capability is taken it increases the basic operational range of the aircraft by 100%. This is not cumulative, so an aircraft with +2 Long Range Tanks will have three times its normal range, not four. Every time this Added Capability is taken it increases the Ether Upkeep of the unit by 1.

+1 Aerial Tanker: This Added Capability allows a plane to refuel others in-flight. If given to a plane that lacks Cargo Capacity, it is assumed to be carrying “buddy stores” and may refuel one plane of the same type as itself (and with the same Ether Upkeep) once. This refuelling tops up the refuelled plane’s tanks to maximum. Aircraft with Cargo Capacity can refuel 1 Ether worth of planes for every 100 CC. Thus a TL4 Medium Airlift plane with 200 CC and refueling a wing of fighters with an Ether Upkeep of 2 per batch could top up the tanks of 25 of the Fighters. It should be noted that this does not mean the tanker is actually carrying 1 Ether for every 100 CC, as planes use far less than one full Upkeep load of fuel, even when on a long mission. This Added Capability raises the Ether Upkeep of a unit by 1, which includes any costs for the extra fuel carried.

+2 Megacannon: This Added Capability is only available for Super Bombers, Super Airships and Leviathan Airships. It adds a BFG to a unit that can only be fired once per day, but provides a massive increase in firepower for that one shot. However, when a unit is using its normal weapons it provides no other bonus. A unit may only have a single Megacannon, and it incurs an extra +2 Upkeep, in either Industry or Ether.

+1 Ordnance: This Added Capability is available to any air unit that would normally have limited attack capabilities, such as Fighters, Interceptors and Super Fighters. It increases their (usually minimal) ability to attack Army and Navy Units. It has no effect on their air-to-air capabilities. This typically involves loading them up with bombs or rockets or other ground attack weapons. While it does not turn them into the equal of STRIKE or Interdictor Aircraft, it does make them handily multi-role. This Added Capability may only be taken once.

+1 Anti-Shipping Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all air units. It optimizes their weapons for use against large vessels, such as all kinds of Naval Ships, Super Vehicles. This Added Capability may only be taken once. If given to an air unit that would normally have limited attack capabilities, that unit must take +1 Ordnance first.

+1 Defensive Weapons: This Added Capability is available to all air units that would normally have limited anti-aircraft abilities, such as Strategic Air, Transport Aircraft and Aviation. It increases the unit’s ability to engage other aerial targets, though it does not always turn them into a match for a purpose-built Fighter. Super-bombers do not need to take this Added Capability as they already have formidable anti-aircraft capabilities. This Added Capability may only be taken once.

+1 Fast Tracking Weapons: This Added Capability modifies the weapons of a unit to allow it to track and engage extremely rapidly. If the unit with fast-tracking wins initiative it can destroy the enemy before its opponent has a chance to return fire. Anti-Radiation missiles like the HARM are a good example of this. Fast Tracking Weapons is best used by formations where it is possessed by all the main combat units. If only a handful of Fast Tracking units are present in a larger formation they will tend to engage with the other units and so the advantage is lost. Fast Tracking Weapons can be taken once and does not add to Upkeep.

+X Sensors: Sensors are very important to all aircraft, and all Complex Air are assumed to have some form of advanced detection gear. Sensor Added Capabilities increase these capabilities. Typical sensor abilities and ranges are described in greater depth in Section 10: Sensors and Communications. A unit does not have to have Sensors itself to take advantage of them, as they can receive targeting data from another unit with Sensors, particularly dedicated Sensor Aircraft. As with other Added Capabilities, for every Sensor Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Communications: While all Complex Air Units are assumed to have some form of communications, some units have a need for more specialized and dedicated systems. Communications boosts the command rating of a force, and allows information to be passed faster and in greater detail. Communications is a good Added Capability for sensor aircraft, which can use it to coordinate others. In automated armies it can even allow a command unit to remotely control other forces. Communications can be taken multiple times, but for every Communications Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Command Aircraft: Militaries often have battlefield control aircraft from which generals can survey the battlefield, issue orders and make plans. The presence of such units on the battlefield can greatly assist other combat units. All air forces are naturally assumed to have sufficient assets to command their forces, but Command Aircraft turns a unit into a specialized command plane. Sensor Aircraft make the best Command Aircraft, and this Added Capability is best combined with other Added Capabilities such as Sensors and Communications. Command Aircraft can be taken multiple times, but for every Added Capability that is taken after the first a unit gains +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Cargo Capacity: This Added Capability can only be taken by aircraft with integral Cargo Capacity, and by Airships. For aircraft with integral Cargo Capacity each +1 Cargo Capacity increases the total that can be carried by 50% of the base CC amount. That is, the percentage increases are not cumulative, so a TL3 Light Aviation Transport (30 CC) with +2 Cargo Capacity as its Added Capabilities would have a total Cargo Capacity of 60 Cargo Points, not 68. Airships gain CC as if they were a Cargo Airship of equivalent size. These Added Capabilities can be taken multiple times and do not increase Upkeep in any way.

+X Cargo Capacity (specialized): This Added Capability can only be taken by aircraft with integral Cargo Capacity and by Airships. Each +1 Cargo Capacity (specialized) increases the total of one particular item that can be carried by 100% of the base CC amount. The speciality should be noted, such as “Troops”, “Vehicles”, “Ether”, “IUU”, and so on, and only the specialized item can be carried. Normal Cargo Capacity and Specialized Cargo Capacity cannot be mixed on a single unit. These Added Capabilities can be taken multiple times and do not increase Upkeep in any way.

+X Compact: Compact allows for smaller units that take up less space and present smaller targets to enemy fire. Each +1 of Compact reduces the CP a unit takes up by half. Thus a Fighter with +1 Compact would take up 100 CP rather than 200 CP, and with +2 Compact would take up 50 CP, and with +3; 25 CP and so on. Compact aircraft are also more difficult to spot and hit. If a unit with Carrying Capacity takes Compact its Carrying Capacity is similarly reduced. Compact can be taken multiple times and does not incur any additional Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+X ECM: ECM stands for Etheric Countermeasures. It is used to blind sensors, jam or decoy guided weapons and even counter magical effects. All advanced vehicles have some sort of ECM, but this Added Capability expands those capabilities. ECM affects the entire battlefield, and the more units that have ECM, the more effective it becomes, cutting down the ranges at which the enemy can see and engage at, and increasing the chance of spell failure. ECM can be taken multiple times, and for each Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Stealth: Stealth can be anything from a radar reflective paint to mirage colloids to a cloaking field. Stealth of any sort is not easy to just slap on an aircraft; the more comprehensive the Stealth package the more design compromises in other areas that are required. +1 Stealth has no detrimental effects on a unit, but at +2 or higher it reduces the speed and firepower of the unit by 25% as engines must be baffled reducing performance and weapons stowed in internal bays reducing payloads. Stealth is never totally absolute, even at the highest levels, and there is always a chance it can be penetrated, particularly after a unit opens fire on the enemy. Stealth can be taken multiple times, and for each Added Capability after the first incurs +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Disguise: Purposeful effort meant not to hide a unit, but to make it look like something else to varying levels of scrutiny. This will not allow a unit to perfectly mirror a unit belonging to another power, only appear to an observer to be a different unit type of roughly the same size. At +1 this can allow for a unit to fool inspection at a distance such as a warship or aircraft spoofing electronic signatures of known freighters or having structures added to match radar returns. At +2 this can allow for a unit to appear convincing at visual range, such as a Q-ship being built specifically to match a certain class and silhouette.

+1/+2 Automation/AI: Automation comes in two basic levels. The first is limited automation (+1), the second full AI (+2). Automation is the replacing of people with machines. It speeds up routine processes, reduces error, increases efficiency and decreases Upkeep costs. An Automated aircraft will have a higher command rating and be more agile. As well, Wealth Upkeep and crew requirements are both halved (in this case it is usually the ground crew requirements that are being reduced). At +2 AI humans are removed entirely from the equation raising the command rating even higher, and Wealth Upkeep and crew requirements both drop to zero. Neither Automation nor AI incurs any additional Upkeep.

+1/+2 Mind: For magical or magitech powers, imbuing an Artificed unit with some form of intelligence and awareness to eliminate human attendants or crew. In both cases Wealth upkeep and Draft is eliminated, with the difference being the intelligence (or lack thereof) of the unit in question. A unit with +2 Mind is considered human-level intelligence, and indeed many such units contain an enslaved soul or bound spirit, while one with +1 mind is generally not cognizant and while able to understand and follow simple instructions is easily confused.

+1 Clones: At a sufficient level of Psychology and Biology, a Power can produce flash Clones with the implanted training to function as soldiers as soon as they are decanted. Draft pool requirements are removed entirely. However, at TL4 Biology, these clones are deeply problematic, as such they both take a full Capability slot and they must take the effect of a Reduced Capability - pick from the list below. At TL5 Biology these flash Clones are fully stable, having no negative effect, and become Slotless.

+1 Low Maintenance: Units with Low Maintenance are either very efficient and reliable, or perhaps just possess crews who are very skilled at doing more with less. Low Maintenance halves the Industry Upkeep of a unit (round up). It may only be taken once and incurs no additional Upkeep.

+X Regenerating: This Added Capability is also called Self Sustaining. Regenerating units will slowly repair themselves after battle, as well as re-arm all their weapons and maintain their systems without Industry resupply. Regenerating converts all Industry Upkeep to Ether, makes repairs faster and cheaper, and increases damage control saves. Taking this Added Capability more than once increases the speed at which self-repair happens, though due to the relatively fragile nature of most aircraft only the larger ones really benefit from this. Regenerating incurs no additional Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+1 Ether Enhanced Lifting Gas: This Added Capability enhances the lifting ability of airships, and allows them to rise up from a planet and into the Deep Sky. It also gives them the ability to navigate against the power of the storms in the Star Ways, and so is necessary for space travel. Ether Enhanced Lifting Gas also increases the weight of equipment an Airship can carry, allowing it to take one Armour Added Capability without Upkeep increase, and doubling the effect of any Cargo Capacity or Deck Capacity Added Capabilities. Ether Enhanced Lifting Gas can only be taken once, and incurs a +1 Ether Upkeep.

+X Speed: As it says, Speed makes aircraft faster. Each Added Capability increases the rate at which aircraft travel from point to point by 50% over their base speed. Speed also allows planes to engage and disengage more easily against slower targets. Speed may be taken multiple times, and does not incur any extra Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+X Agility: Agility makes an aircraft more nimble, allowing it to avoid and dodge incoming fire, and making it more capable in a dogfight. Agility may be taken multiple times and does not incur any extra Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+X Rocket Boosters: Rocket Boosters, also sometimes called “Superburners”, make aircraft even faster than Speed Added Capabilities, but only for short periods. Each Added Capability still only increases the rate at which aircraft travel from point to point by 50% over their base speed, as planes cannot afford the high fuel consumption of Boosters on long journeys. However, in combat Boosters give a much higher speed boost, allowing planes equipped with them to get the jump on slower opponents, or flee if the engagement is going poorly. Boosters of all types allow planes to fly from the planet into space, though they are not required for planes to actually fight in the “Deep Sky.” Rocket Boosters may be taken multiple times, but each Added Capability (including the first) incurs +1 Ether Upkeep, as boosters are real fuel hogs.

+X Force Field Boosters: Force Field or Fo/Fi Boosters make aircraft even more maneuverable than Agility Added Capabilities, using force fields and inertial systems to throw a plane about the sky in ways that would be impossible for more conventional aircraft. Boosters of all types allow planes to fly from the planet into space, though they are not required for planes to actually fight in the “Deep Sky.” Fo/Fi Boosters may be taken multiple times, but each Added Capability (including the first) incurs +1 Ether Upkeep, as boosters are real fuel hogs.

+1 Amphibious: Planes with Amphibious are capable of flying in water as well as through the air. This Added Capability goes far beyond normal seaplanes (which have limited tactical value in Lords of Ether, hence their lack of an actual Added Capability) and can be used by aquatically inclined Powers to create submersible fighter craft. It converts a unit’s equipment, including weapons, shields, boosters and so forth to function properly underwater as well as above. Amphibious can only be taken once, and has no effect outside of the water.

+1 Legs: The Legs Added Capability allows an aircraft to function as a Humanoid Vehicle when necessary, allowing it to move on the ground in places where flying is impossible, and increasing its agility as the legs appendages can also be used as powerful vectored thrust nozzles or the like. Legs also allows a unit to load heavier armour, and an Aircraft with this Added Capability suffers no Agility or Upkeep penalty for its first Armour Added Capability. When applied to aircraft Legs is often thought of as a form of transformation, like the gerwalk ability of Macross Veritechs Legs can be taken only once and incurs no additional Upkeep.

+X Arms: The Arms Added Capability gives a unit extra motivators with which to carry and manipulate things. Each +1 Arms allows a unit to carry one extra External Added Capability. Arms can be considered extra hardpoints for the less Macross-inclined, but it can also be considered a component of transformation, allowing Macross Batteloids and the like. This Added Capability also slightly enhances a unit’s ability in Close Combat. Arms may be taken multiple times, and does not incur any extra Upkeep no matter how many times it is taken.

+1 All Weather Training: Planets are often covered in varying and difficult – even dangerous – environments. These environments can severely limit the ability of planes to operate. While all complex aircraft are assumed to have a standard instrument suite for all-weather flying, this training makes them far more proficient at it, particularly in the more extreme climates, though it does not remove all the minuses of the worst environments. All Weather Training may only be taken once, incurs no extra Upkeep, and is normally a Slot Free Added Capability. If taken as an external this Added Capability is considered All Weather Equipment and is not Slot Free, taking up one external slot, and costing the usual External Upkeep. It otherwise functions exactly the same as All Weather Training.

+1 Loyalty Training: Thanks to a highly selective screening process and a steady diet of propaganda these troops are loyal to death. Units with this cap have a higher resistance to enemy subversion and will be the last troops to rebel, if ever. In addition, whether by suicidal fanaticism or rear of the Commissar’s wrath, these troops will undertake missions that any other sane solider would balk at. Loyalty Training can only be taken once, incurs no extra Upkeep, and counts as a Slot Free added capability. If taken as an external this Added Capability it is considered to be additional equipment (slave collars, or neural whips perhaps?) and is not Slot Free, taking up one external slot, and costing the usual External Upkeep. It otherwise functions exactly the same as Loyalty Training.

+X Casting Chamber: A casting chamber is an area on a large unit purposefully designed to amplify the effects of spellcraft. It can be equipped on any unit with a base batch size of 1/10 or larger, providing a free level of AoE for spells cast by a mage within it and reducing the enchantment cost of the unit in question as if it were one ML lower. Only one mage can be assigned to any particular casting chamber.

+1 Multifusion (Tech/Magic): It is possible to build a military unit with more than one Technomagical or Magitech Fusion. For each Fusion after the first a batch must take a Multifusion Added Capability. Each Multifusion Added Capability applies only to a specific combination of Tech and Magic, so a unit with Engineering/Movement, Engineering/Material, and Engineering/Creation would still need two Multifusion Added Capabilities. Multifusion is Build Free and Slot Free, and does not increase Upkeep.

Reduced Capabilities List:

-1 Reduced Armour: Reduced Armour reduces the physical protection of a unit, and may only be taken once by aircraft. Taking this Reduced Capability makes all but Aviation and the largest aircraft exceedingly fragile.

-1 Reduced Shields: This added capability removes the defensive shields around an aircraft, making them more vulnerable to incoming fire. Obviously aircraft that have yet to receive shields such as TL3 planes cannot take this Reduced Capability.

-1 Reduced Cargo Capacity: In Cargo Capacity capable aircraft this halves the amount that the vehicle can carry. It can only be taken once, since a transport unable to carry anything is a pretty pointless vehicle.

-1 Slow: The unit in question is just slow. Taking this Reduced Capability cuts travel speed in half, and reduces an aircraft's combat speed as well. This is common among cargo aircraft that have no need of rapidly reaching their destination, but also used by fighters that rely on dogfighting rather than high-energy tactics. Aviation Types may not take this Reduced Capability.

-1 Short Range Craft: This Added Capability halves the operational range of the aircraft, and also cuts down on its ammunition load and the time it can spend in combat. This Reduced Capability cannot be taken by Airships.

-1 Agility: The unit in question is less nimble than normal, which reduces its ability to evade and makes it vulnerable in a dogfight. Interceptors sometimes take the Reduced Capability when specialized for shooting down bombers and other planes they have no need to outmanoeuvre. This Reduced Capability cannot be taken by Strategic Aircraft, Airlift or Airships.

-1 Sensors: Aircraft with this Reduced Capability have problems with finding and engaging targets, due to poor detection equipment, reduced cockpit visibility, or some other factor. While some of this problem can be overcome by using other aircraft with powerful Sensors to feed information to those without, this Reduced Capability can be particularly debilitating, since the aircraft that detects its enemy first often has an major advantage, and poor sensors can make long range navigation extremely difficult resulting in lost or badly off course planes.

-1 Tracking: Units with this Reduced Capability have problems with finding and engaging targets, and unless attacking from ambush will generally be engaged before they can shoot back. It is best to group units with this Reduced Capability together since if placed with other units that are faster to engage they will rarely get a chance to shoot before their comrades deal with the enemy, or they are destroyed themselves.

-1 No Externals: Aircraft with this Reduced Capability do not have the ability to mount External Added Capabilities, or to use Booster Packs. Because aircraft can benefit greatly from the ability to switch their capabilities rapidly between missions, this Reduced Capability has more effect than might be first apparent.

-1 Command: Units with this Reduced Capability are uncoordinated and often unreliable. They will be slow to respond to orders, and have trouble reacting to unpredictable situations. Garrison and trench-bound forces can often get away with this Reduced Capability with little detriment (so long as the enemy doesn’t break through!), but it can severely hamper offensive operations.

-1 High Visibility: The units in question are extremely visible on sensors, more so than would be normal for their Type, and sensors and guided weapons have a very easy time locking onto and engaging them. This isn’t just a throwaway Reduced Capability; in an environment of modern war it can be an early death sentence. Even without advanced sensors it often manifests as other telltale giveaways, such as vast clouds of smoke or a noise that can be heard miles away.

-1 Space Only: Aircraft with this Reduced Capability are limited to operating only in Space or the Deep Sky. They do not have the means to handle atmospheric flight and so cannot operate around planets. This can also cause them problems in the Star Ways, particularly in the dense ether clouds along the edges of a Way which form their own atmospheres. Thus will not prevent them from flying in a Star Way, but it can limit their capabilities.

-1 Atmosphere Only: Aircraft with this Reduced Capability are limited to operating only in the atmosphere of a planet, lacking the means to operate in Space. They also have trouble in the rarefied air of higher altitudes, and so are limited to lower altitude flight, suffering serious performance decreases in the upper regions.

-1 Increased Upkeep: The unit in question just is not efficient in one area or another. –1 Increased Upkeep doubles the upkeep costs in the selected area, either Wealth, Industry or Ether. It should be noted that Types with extra Wealth demands must now pay that Wealth Upkeep monthly when under War Upkeep.

-1 Export Model: Export Model units are built with a significantly lower number of Advancement points within an Advancement Level than the Power is capable of. If the unit is 50 Advancement points or more lower than what the Power is capable of building it gains a -1 Reduced Capability to build the unit, allowing cheaper and faster construction. This does not apply to Advancement levels but to Advancement points within those levels. For example: a TL 5 Power building a TL 3 tank is normally assumed to have built one with an Advancement of 3.99. However if such a Power were to build a vehicle at 3.5 Advancement points it would gain a -1 Reduced Capability for building a WWII panzer rather than a post modern MBT. However, if a TL 5 power were to build a TL 3 tank at 3.99, it does not gain this Reduced Capability, as it is building the tank at the maximum level 3 technology. This Reduced Capability only applies within Tech Levels.

-2 Single Use: This negative capability refers to units which are intended to be used exactly once, taking the form of expendable drones, pustulent exploding zombies, arms of very dubious manufacturing quality or in more macabre situations as kamikaze units. Regardless of the outcome, they shall only ever see battle once and be lost afterwards.

Air Force Upkeep

This is the part everyone hates, but like it or not, those massive militaries have to be maintained. Upkeep comes in three separate parts: the money you have to pay for your forces or Wealth; the goods you have to make to keep them going or Industry, and the fuel you have to use to run them or Ether. Upkeep is always based on the Base Batch Cost, and then modified by the effects of any additional Added Capabilities. It is paid once a year, except in specific circumstances detailed later.

Three Types of Upkeep

Wealth:

Your pilots need to be paid (and well!), as do the ground crews who work on their planes, and the service staff at the air bases, and more. This is Wealth Upkeep. All Types have to pay this regardless of tech level, and as with all Upkeep costs it is based on the Base Batch Cost of the Type, so 25 Fighters would have a Wealth Upkeep of 1, as would 1 Super Bomber. A Leviathan Airship on the other hand would have a Wealth Upkeep of 5. Wealth is almost never subject to increased Upkeep (unless you decide to pay the troops more for some reason) but it can be reduced or even removed by automating certain processes. Partially automated systems (a +1 Added Capability) pay half Wealth Upkeep while fully automated systems (a +2 Added Capability; essentially full Artificial Intelligence) pay no Wealth Upkeep at all.

Industry:

Your planes also need to be armed, serviced and repaired. This is Industry Upkeep. Once war reaches the industrial age and becomes an exercise in materiel expenditure Industry becomes a vital necessity for all units. Like Wealth, Industry Upkeep is based on the Base Batch Cost, however it is more commonly subject to increases caused by Added Capabilities such as extra weapons. In such a case, additional Upkeep for the Added Capabilities is simply added to that of the basic Industrial Upkeep for the Type. Industrial Upkeep can be reduced by such Added Capabilities as Low Maintenance, which halves the Necessary Industrial Upkeep. The most advanced military forces can also pay the Industrial Upkeep instead of Ether Upkeep by using regeneration and replication technologies.

Ether:

Planes are particularly dependent on fuel to run, and all aircraft have Ether Upkeep. Ether Upkeep is based on their Base Batch Cost and any Added Capability costs they incur. There are no ways to reduce Ether Upkeep, and it must always be paid in full for a unit to function.

Upkeep in Wartime

Normally Upkeep is paid on a yearly basis, one payment being enough to last a Batch for a 12-month period. However war devours resources at an astonishing rate and the normal yearly payment assumes only peacetime expenditures. Units in combat thus must pay Upkeep on a monthly rather than yearly basis, at least for Industry and Ether. It is a rare army that pays its troops extra simply for doing their jobs, so Wealth Upkeep remains the same.

This war upkeep makes modern combat a very expensive proposition, and difficult to sustain without massive support infrastructure, extensive pre-war stockpiling, or both.

Limiting Upkeep Payments

Apart from buying expensive Added Capabilities to cut down on Upkeep there are a number of strategies a power can use to reduce the drain of its Armies on its economy and infrastructure.

Firstly you don’t have to pay your men. Your soldiers won’t instantly desert if you don’t pay the Wealth Upkeep. However, troops without pay still have to eat. While they may hang around out of patriotism, they may also begin looking for other ways to supplement their non-existent incomes, such as crime. Fail to pay them for long enough in peacetime and morale will plummet, training standards will fall, and effectiveness as a cohesive force drop. However, if you’re in the midst of a desperate war against an enemy who is already kicking your ass, not receiving their paychecks probably won’t affect troop morale much.

Similarly, you also don’t have to pay the Industrial and Ether Upkeep. Doing so however will enforce a level of idleness on the air force that is bad for training standards and tends to lower morale. You can get away with this for a few years, or by only using selected units – a few units detailed to hangar duties each year on a rotating basis won’t harm overall capability much – but if you shut down the entire air arm, and especially if you do it for more than a year, the pilots are going to begin losing their edge. This happens particularly quickly with aircraft, and after two or three years of general inactivity, most of the equipment will be totally unserviceable.

During wartime there is also no requirement to have the entire air force active at once. Indeed in many cases this may not be possible. Units can be rotated onto and off the battlefront, both to rest them up and to conserve supplies. Portions of a force can be placed on reduced activity or held in strategic reserve to concentrate supplies in critical sectors, or save up for general offensives.

Air Force Logistics

Logistics is the science of supply and transport. It’s all very well to have food, parts, ammunition and fuel, but it still has to find its way to the units that need it when they need it. Logistics plays a big part in Lords of Ether, though it is greatly simplified (in real life logistics is a fiendishly complex thing which would take more pages than this entire manual to detail). Nevertheless, the air force that ignores logistics does so at its peril.

Supplies

While aircraft themselves carry very limited supplies – enough for relatively short missions – their bases are well stocked and generally carry one full Upkeep load of Industry and Ether for all aircraft stationed there. This is enough to last them either a year in peacetime, or a month in wartime. Once that runs out they need to restock, with supplies brought in from the factories and refineries. For airbases this is assumed to happen automatically, unless the base is in a very isolated region far from industrial and ether production support.

Airships are the exception, and carry supplies in the same manner as Naval Ships, as detailed in Section 4C. Navies, allowing them to operate for extended periods of time without landing.

In the cases when significant amounts of supplies need to be moved, the Cargo Points they take up must be considered. Industry for military forces takes the form of finished goods, which take up 5,000 Cargo Points per 1 point of Industry.

Ether takes up a multitude of forms depending on the tech level of its storage devices:

9. Magic

Magic is the shaping of the powers of Ether by will alone. At its heart magic is about Power - personal power. Only the very talented and skilled can manage it, and each level of power comes with a price paid in sweat, toil tears, and often blood.

Any magical act is called a “Casting.” There are four separate types of Castings: Spells, which are magics intended only for short term effect; Enchantments, which are long term magics, even permanent on occasion; Summonings, which are spells that call extraplanar beings into reality for a brief period; and Artificing, which is the practice of manipulating physical matter (either animate or inanimate) to build magical devices and creatures.

With the exception of Artificing, all Castings are just variations on the basic Spell with a few additional rules, costs and effects. Artificing functions similarly to normal Industrial construction, though with a number of specific rules.

Note: In Lords of Ether, the terms “Spells”, “Enchantments”, “Summonings” and “Artificing” apply to very specific magical uses and should not be used interchangeably.

Casting Level and Combining Magical Categories

All Castings have a level. This level determines how complex the magic is; how long it will take to prepare, how much power it will require, and how skilled a mage will be needed to actually use it. Casting Level is the sum of all the levels of the various Magical Categories used.

Most Castings only use a single Magical Category, but the more complex magics combine multiple Magic Categories to enhance their effects. You may otherwise combine as many Magical Categories as you like, but a spell can only be cast by a mage with all of the categories used in it.

Thus a Casting prepared with Destruction Level 4 would be a Level 4 Casting, while one prepared with Destruction Level 4 and Transmogficiation Level 3 would be a Level 7 Casting.

Note: It is not always necessary to combine Magical Categories. Often two separate Castings cast sequentially can have the same cumulative effect as a single combined one. This is always the cheaper way of doing things, however multiple separate spells can interfere with each other, and placing more than two Castings at once on a single unit or batch usually means the failure of the additional Castings.

Area of Effect

Castings naturally affect one target, or one localized target area of small size. Area of Effect can be used to expand this, allowing a Casting to affect many more targets, or a vast area. Area of Effect increases the Ether cost of a Casting, but it does not increase the time the Casting takes to prepare. As the skill and power of a Mage increases, so too does the maximum class of Area of Effect she can use.

The Area of Effect Table is as follows:

Caption text

Class	Ether	Mage Type	Area of Effect
0	+0	Postulant	1 person/small vehicle (truck, battlesuit)
I	+1	Disciple	up to 10 people/large vehicle (tank, plane)
II	+2	Adept/Specialist	up to 100 people/small warship
III	+3	Master/Trained S.	up to 1,000 people/cruiser
IV	+4	Archmage/Expert S.	up to 10,000 people/capital ships
V	+5	Oracle	up to 100,000 people/mega capital ship

Destruction Castings often have secondary effects that naturally add to their Area of Effect, such as the blast radius of a fireball, or shrapnel from an ice blast, as a result all Destruction Castings gain one free class of Area of Effect. This free area of effect does not have to be used, but if taken it incurs no extra ether cost. If the Mage chooses to raise the Area of Effect over and above the free amount, they can subtract the free levels from the overall total, so a Class V Destruction spell would only cost +4 Ether rather than +5.

The Area of Effect of a Casting can be paid for either when the Casting is being prepared, or at any time prior to the beginning of a battle or other game event. Obviously if a Mage wishes to “power up” a Casting just prior to using it they must have sufficient Ether on hand. It should also be stressed that this must still be done prior to the mage actually diving into the action, as such preparations still take time and concentration. Any Casting charged with Area of Effect can still be used at a lower level of power, though Ether spent on Area of Effect can never be regained.

Preparation Time

The preparation time for a Casting is determined by its Casting Level. This is not quite as straightforward as the Area Effect Table. Any Casting of level 1-3 is a fairly simple undertaking and requires minimal preparation time, allowing such magic to be instantly cast by the Power as required. In actual fact Mages do still spend time preparing these spells, the process is routine enough that the rules do not bother to model this. A Casting of level 4 requires a week to prepare, and a Casting of level 5 requires a month. Every level above Casting Level 5 adds another month. Thus a Level 6 Casting would take two months to prepare, while a Level 12 Casting would take 8 months.

There is normally no way to speed up the preparation time, as Mages must be very careful when developing such magics, however special facilities such as the Arcane Laborium can speed up the process for Mages working within their walls.

Of particular note, there is a special Preparation rule that applies to Summonings. Summonings are more intrinsically dangerous than Spells or Enchantments, because the Mage is often dealing with intelligent forces that have a will of their own, do not necessarily wish to be summoned, and will actively attempt to thwart the Mage. Because of their tricky nature, mages must prepare meticulously for even the simplest Summonings, and the preparation time for any Summoning is the Casting Level in months. Thus a Level 5 Summoning would take 5 months to prepare, not 1.

This extended Preparation Time for Summoning can sometimes be circumvented if the Mage actively travels to the summoned being’s dimension and bargains directly with it. This is a dangerous and risky option that can often result in the loss of the Mage in question, and is usually – succeed or fail – accompanied by a daring story. If successful however it can result in Summoning Preparation times of no more than a week, though the Casting Cost is unchanged. A Mage must have Movement or Mental at Level 5 to use this option, and it will require story posts and GM attention

Casting Cost

Magic is raw power, and as such is much less energy efficient than technology, burning energy at a fantastic rate. Casting Cost is determined by its Casting Level and Area Effect, and is always paid in Ether. Enchantments and Summonings have separate cost mechanics.

Cost of Spells

Spells of levels 1, 2 and 3 have no Casting Cost. Or rather, while the Spell does require Ether to work, the amount is so small it fades into the normal Ether Upkeep for the mage. Castings of level 4 and 5 incur “High Magic Costs” which is additional Ether that must be paid for each such Casting that is prepared. Spells of Level 4 incur a cost of 1 Ether, level 5 a cost of 2 Ether and so on, each new level adding another point of Ether to the cost. Thus, a Spell of level 9 would cost 6 Ether.

The Casting Cost can be further modified by Area of Effect rules, as discussed above. This is added directly to any other costs. Thus the above Level 9 Spell, if cast with Class V Area of Effect, would have an additional cost of 5 Ether, for a total Casting Cost of 14 Ether!

In short: Cost = Spell Level -3 + AoE

Enchantments

An enchantment is a temporary boost applied to a unit through the use of magic, manifesting in the form of a temporary Added Capability that represents a mage doing something such as blessing ordinary steel to take a white-hot edge of fiery purification. Generally, enchantments are freely available to any artificed unit, any technological unit less than advancement 3.5 and any technomagical unit where any technology over 3.5 is fused with a magical category. Enchantments need not be applied and used immediately. They can remain inactive for a time, to a maximum of the end of the budget year. The basic Enchantment duration is three months when activated. The Casting Cost of a three month Enchantment is the Base Batch Cost of the unit being enchanted multiplied by the Magical Advancement Level plus 1 ether for every level of difference in advancement between the unit being enchanted and the enchantment magical level. As such enchanting some TL2 musketeers to have +1 exploding shot at ML4 would cost 1 x 4 + 2 = 6 ether. Enchantments cast on units must have an ML at least equal to their advancement level.

In short: Cost = Base Batch Cost x ML + ML/TL Difference per Added Capability

The duration of Enchantments can be extended to last until the end of the year. This means the Enchantment will expire with the New Year, no matter when in the current year it was cast (call it the changing of the Astral Tides). This doubles the Casting Cost of the Enchantment. It should be noted that a one-year Enchantment may not actually last a year. Enchantments that are frequently activated or are attacked by countermagic often fail early.

One thing of note is that you must have mages in the area in question to perform enchantments and that certain large units will require a mage of commensurate power. For example a Level 4 enchantment will require a Master to be present, and doing 10 batches at once on a battlefield will require 10 Master mages to be present. Regardless of enchantment level, for a Base Batch Cost greater than 1 an Archmage is required. For a Base Batch Cost greater than 5 an Oracle is required.

Summonings

Summonings pay Casting Cost in two parts; for the Summoning Spell itself, and then for the Summoned Being. The Summoning Spell costs 1 Ether for every Casting Level as well as any High Magic costs. Added to this is the PP cost of the Summoned Being, or Batch (or partial Batch) of beings, which is calculated in the same manner as any military unit, using Base Cost, Modifiers, and Advancement Level. The Advancement Level of the Summoned Being cannot be higher than the Casting Level of the Summoning Spell itself.

One Summoning Spell can only call a maximum of a single Batch of Summoned Beings. It is not necessary to summon an entire Batch, but doing so only reduces the cost of the Summoned Beings, not the Summoning Spell itself.

Some limitations apply to Summoning Spells in the same way it applies to Enchantments, thus a Mage would have to be an Oracle to summon a Lord of Hell.

Summoned Beings generally last for a month before dissipating, or returning to their home plane. As with Enchantments their stay can be extended until the end of the year by paying twice the total Casting Cost – Summoning Spell and Summoned Being. However year-long Summoned Beings may depart earlier if engaged in heavy combat or sufficiently wounded. Worse, in the case of the more powerful Summoned Beings, a year-long stay on our plane of existence may allow them to collect enough information and power to free themselves – and then pay their erstwhile masters back for their term of bondage!

Artificing

Artificing is the artisan craft that produces magical items and materials, exclusively at the hand of a learned spellcaster with honed skills. How they do it, either literally with hammer in hand or using an arcane device of their own construction, is rather immaterial to the fact that the craft requires the entirety of the artisan's time and focus. Fundamentally unlike technology, no part of the process can be offloaded to automation or a broader base of workers. This is largely the way in which Powers that are mostly or exclusively magical can craft Units without the need for technology, technomagic or its associated infrastructure. In order to practice Artificing a Power must have advanced past the threshold of hedge magic and possess Transmogrification (or Creation in the case of biological wonders or horrors) of at least level 3. When using Added Capabilities, the associated magical school must also be at least Level 3. Technological Advancement Levels and Added Capabilities cannot be used on Artificed units.

To reflect the devotion of spellcasters to this task and not to others, a Power must sacrifice (spend) some amount of Research annually to produce Artificed units. At the beginning of each year an amount of Research is spent on Artificing and every month through the year they will be able to spend the same amount of PP on artificed units. For example, if 20 Research were spent on Artificing, then 20 PP of Artificed units would be produced every month until the end of the year.

The cost of artificed units are similar to those produced by other means, with (Base Cost + number of Added Capabilities) multiplied by the magical Advancement Level used in their production. Their build times are independent of the sophistication of the associated infrastructure and are instead uniform at (base cost + number of Added Capabilities) x 5 months. The use of 1 geode per point of base batch cost can reduce this to x3 months. There is no other way to increase build speed of Artificed Units. At game start, artificed units are bought like tech units, (base cost + caps) x highest ML level = pp cost.

Artificed units are fundamentally different from those produced by technology or technomagic, suited more towards the naked application of force than those of an exact equivalent technological power but having gaps in capability and associated weaknesses. Unlike Technology this means that a basic Artificed unit by default does not include the other schools of magic that a power might have. Given that transmogrification or creation alone can only imbue a material with structure and form, they begin unsophisticated and inherently lack the advantages afforded by complex mass-produced machinery or electronics. For example, basic Artificed infantry with no Added Capabilities have only what basic equipment Transmogrification can give them. This means melee weaponry, their base mobility and armour. This is largely true of other types of units as well. This is not to say that artificed units are melee-only, forever without certain abilities or are necessarily weaker. Artificed units can gain the full benefits of other schools of magic through Added Capabilities or Enchantments. Artificed added capabilities also tend to be more powerful than their Technological equivalents. The easiest way to conceptualize this is that after the basic frame is crafted from raw materials, it does not inherently possess any ability to generate energetic effects like flaming blades or ominously hovering over terrain until another mage with a different skill set comes along to carve the levitation runes. To equip the example infantry with sun-guns with the white-hot light of fiery purification, at least a +1 added capability to that effect is required, along with Destruction. Ranged weapons do not specifically require Destruction or any other school, however even with only Transmogrification an Added Capability is still needed to reflect the extra investment in time and effort of creating something with more complicated moving parts like a crossbow. Similarly a magical star ship at ML4 does not have a shield-like energy barrier like a Technological unit with Physics 4 unless it is specifically equipped with one.

This leads to Artificed units often being specialized for specific roles as it is often impractical or impossible to include added capabilites or enchantments in all areas, particularly at low advancement levels. Battlefield mages often perform duties that are taken for granted in Technological powers, such as long-distance communication, scrying for enemy activity or for applying situation-specific enchantments when certain abilities are needed. This means that operating a purely magical military often requires a greater degree of management than a technological or technomagical one, with some weaknesses in roundedness in exchange for raw power.

Artificed infantry by default has 1 WU, 0 IUU, and 0 EU upkeep. Artificed vehicles default to 1/0/1. The first addition of ranged weapons adds either 1 IUU or EU, and the unit then gains additional upkeep from caps as per usual (described cap-by-cap in the unit lists).

Artificed units take draft as normal.

Storing and Using Castings

Once a Casting is prepared and the Ether costs paid, it does not have to be immediately used. The Casting can be stored in a reagent or vessel. A reagent is some sort of perishable item that when used in a certain way by a Mage with the necessary skill will release the magical energy stored within - a plant leaf, animal part, or powder for instance. A vessel is a non-perishable item that can store the magic, to be released by a specific gesture or arcane word, again, by a suitably skilled Mage. Common vessels are things like rings, amulets of magic staffs (or perhaps the Mage herself!). As vessels and reagents can be given to other mages a Casting need not be used by the mage who prepared it, but it must be used by a mage who understands all the magical levels involved, and is capable of handling any Area of Effect that has been added to the Casting.

Prepared and stored Castings do not have an expiry date and can be stored indefinitely. A prepared Casting can be voluntarily dispelled by any mage commanding the vessel or reagent. Destroying the reagent or vessel will also dispel the Casting. In the case of a Mage who uses herself as a vessel, apart from death, there are various magical and technological procedures that can be used should she be taken captive which can also dispel or hold in check any spells she may have stored within. Most of these revolve around channeling a negating flow of Ether through her, a procedure not dissimilar to electrocution and thus rather painful.

A Mage can only use one major Casting at a time. A major Casting is any magic that requires the expenditure of additional Ether, beyond the Mage’s usual Upkeep. This means any Enchantment, Summoning, Level 4 or 5 Casting, or Casting charged with Area of Effect Classes counts as major. Because of the energy involved, these Castings require a serious focus of will, and Mages cannot effectively multi-task to manage more than one. The number of Mages available thus influences the number of major Castings a Power can use in any one phase of a battle.

Range of Magic

Some magic involves ranged effects, most commonly offensive or detection spells. This is determined not by the Casting itself, but by the ability of the Mage. The more powerful a Mage the greater range at which the Casting can operate. As with all things, using Castings at longer ranges decreases their effectiveness. Weaker spells thrown over long ranges, regardless of the skill of the mage tend to lose a great deal of their power. It is also quite possible to miss with a spell and mages who are unfamiliar with battle techniques are more susceptible to this than most.

The range table is described below:

Caption text

Mage Type	Max Offensive Range	Max Detection Range
Postulant	Melee	Melee
Disciple	Very Close	Close
Specialist/Adept	Close	Medium
Trained Specialist/Master	Medium	Far
Experienced Specialist/Master	Far	Very Far
Oracle	Very Far	Intersystem

Note that these ranges are not universally applicable. Castings such as invasive mind control require close range contact no matter the power of the mage involved, and some spells such as teleport spells with an anchor ignore them entirely. There are also methods, involving Movement and Mental, to circumvent these ranges by sending spells through gates or by projecting the consciousness of the mage away from her body. Some of these methods and exceptions will be described in the Example Spell Book section, but given the endless possibilities of magic this is by no means exhaustive and others are up to rulings by the Game Moderators.

Counter Magic

There are a number of ways to counter the effects of magic; Standard Countermagic, Opposed Effects, or General Jamming.

Standard Countermagic

Standard Countermagic is the default method. It must be performed by a Mage who has at least one level in all the Magical Categories involved in the Casting at hand. The Counterer does not have to be able to cast the spell herself, only have minimal knowledge of the spell's basic form. Standard Countermagic involves the pitting of the will of one mage against another and requires no extra Ether expenditure or prior preparation on the part of the Counterer. However it does require a great deal of focus and very fast reactions. As such, to best use this method a mage must be largely free of distractions and focussing on the potential attack. Attempting Standard Countermagic "on the fly" makes success less likely. All things being equal success is judged mainly based on the skills of the mages in question - a Postulant is manifestly unlikely to be able to counter the spell of an Oracle in this manner, while even a distracted Oracle will be able to laugh at any spell a Postulant may try to throw at her.

Opposed Effects

Opposed Effects are the most reliable form of Countermagic. In this situation two castings act directly upon each other, such as a Destruction fireball against a Movement shield, a plague curse against a curative enchantment, or a teleport spell against a dimensional barrier. More reliable than Standard Countermagic, the downside is that, like any Casting, the Opposing Effect must also be prepared beforehand and may cost its own Ether. Such Effects can in fact be set up on an automatic trigger requiring only an imminent threat and minimal action from the Mage's subconscious so as to activate in time, though the Mage still cannot be busy casting other magic. They can also be Spells cast for a one-time-only counter, or Enchantments for long term standing protection. Of note: Technological systems generally act as Opposed Effects, with devices like neural scanners defeating mental suggestion, or energy shields defeating lightning bolts.

General Jamming

General Jamming is a method most used by Technology, however it also has its Magical uses. In this case a general Etheric field disrupts all magical effects (though the more sophisticated fields can be selective about what they impede). All technological ECM systems can have this effect, and the most powerful can be a real problem. When used as magic these effects are usually cast as a long term Enchantment, which works to hinder certain forms (or even all forms) of magic in an area. However it does not directly block or counteract the Casting as with an Opposed Effect but merely disrupts and weakens it. Rather than a dimensional barrier to physically block a teleport spell, Magical Jamming might just dilute or muffle the signal of the spell's anchor. As such it is usually overall less effective than a direct Opposed Effect, but usually lasts longer.

12. Trade

Trade is an integral part of international relations. High profile, high cost items like war machines, high technology and rare resources are dealt with on an individual deal-by-deal basis; these rules describe the day-to-day movement of luxuries and non-essentials that can truly enrich the commercially inclined.

Similarly, many wealthy powers supplement their industry with components and low-end consumer goods brought from elsewhere.

Each unit of Trade Goods takes 1 Industry or Ether to produce, and takes up 5,000 cargo points. These Trade Goods convert to Wealth when delivered to a Customer. The ratio of Trade Goods to Wealth is determined by the trade Return.

Return is determined by four factors – the relative Wealth, Industry or Ether of the Trader and Customer, relative Advancement, exotic resources, and distance covered. These are added together as a series of percentages, whose cumulative total determines the profit or Return. Different types of trade will be differently affected by different factors.

Basic Return

The basic Return (+0 Return) of Trade Goods to Wealth is 1:1. For every +1 Return, the Trader adds +1/4th of a wealth unit per trade good If a trade shipment method is particularly economical to operate (IE a ship using sails or star sails, or geode power) gain +1 return regardless of what type of trade it is.

High-Value Trade

This trade represents the movement of high-end finished goods, luxury items and the like. It is primarily determined by relative wealth, advancement and distance covered. A power may absorb up to 1 unit of luxury goods for every point of population, and gains one free point of public order payment for doing so.

Wealth

If the Trader has a greater Wealth per-month (including any Population bonuses) than the Customer then they gain +1 return. If the Trader has a Wealth-per-month more than twice that of the Customer they gain a +2 Return. If the Trader has a Wealth-per-month more than three times that of the Customer they gain a +3 Return.

If the Trader also has both industry and ether production higher than the custom they gain +1 additional return.

Advancement

If the Trader has at least one Advancement Category at least one level higher than the same Category of the Customer they gain +1 return. If the trader has double or more higher than the same Category of the Customer they gain +2 Return, providing it is higher than one. If the Trader has a technomagic/magitech fusion and the Customer does not, the Trader automatically gains +3 Return.

If a customer has a 0 in a category in which a trader has at least 1, due to ineptitude then that is a further +1 return.

Distance

If the one-way distance from Trader to Customer is greater than 5 Great Leagues the Trader gains a +1 return. If the distance is greater than 10 Great Leagues the Trader gains a +2 Return. If the Distance is greater than 20 Great Leagues the Trader gains a +3 Return.

Other factors

Particularly prestigious events, such as the construction of major monuments or certain stories may make goods from a planet in particular demand.

The total of all these plusses gives the total Return in Wealth on each unit of Trade Goods delivered. Thus a Trader with a Return of +4 with a Customer would get 2 WU for every unit of Trade Goods, while one with a Return of +12! Would gain a whopping 4 WU for every unit of trade Goods.

Bulk Goods Trade

Bulk trade goods represent cheap consumer goods, components and resources like textiles and so on which a less wealthy and technologically advanced power may trade with a stronger. They are less profitable than luxury goods, but can still produce a good return. Bulk goods may be used to pay public order, but may instead be used to supplement local industry at a rate of 2 trade goods to 1 industry. This is less efficient than shipping raw resources but generates returns for the constructing power.

It is primarily determined by relative industry, wealth and advancement. Distance does not matter significantly for bulk good deliveries.

Industry

If the Trader has a greater industry-per-month (including any Population bonuses) than the Customer then they gain +1 return. If the Trader has an industry-per-month more than twice that of the Customer they gain a +2 Return.

If the Trader has less wealth per month than the Customer gains an additional +1 return.

Population

If the Trader has a greater population than the Customer then they gain +1 return. If the Trader has a population more than twice that of the Customer they gain a +2 Return.

If the Trader has more than a third of their population unhoused, they gain an additional +1 return.

Advancement

If the Trader has at least one Advancement Category at least one level higher than the same Category of the Customer they gain +1 return. If the Trader has at least one Advancement Category within 50 RP of the Customer, gain +1 return. These bonuses stack.

Raw Resources

Industry may be converted to produce raw resources at a rate of 1 industry for 1 raw resource. When fed to another point of industry, each point of raw resources doubles its efficiency, allowing it to produce 2 points of industry instead of one. Converting industry to produce raw resources only takes 1 year.

Raw resources do not naturally generate returns for the supplying power, but payment may be arranged, or their production may be coerced.

Black Market Goods

A great deal of profit can be made by the shipment of commonly recognized illegal goods, such as harmful drugs, banned weapons, restricted entertainment and suchlike. What determines whether goods are Black Market or not depends on the society into which they are being smuggled, but all societies have something they consider prohibited.

There are a number of advantages to Black Marketeering: Such shipments are usually of greater value, needing smaller sizes and thus taking up only 1,000 Cargo Points per Trade Unit (though still costing 1 Industry to produce). On top of the normal calculations for High-Value Return, the Return on the Black Market is always at least +2, rising to +4 for goods delivered to Dissatisfied populations, and +6 for goods delivered to Angry or Rebellious populations. Such deliveries also do not require any consent or agreement from the Customer. The Trader can deliver as much as they can move as often as they can move it.

On top of all other considerations, this means a fantastic Return, but it does have a down side. Unlike normal Trade, Black Marketeering has no benefit to the Customer. In fact it cancels out points of Civil Order Upkeep on a one-for one basis, actually harming the society. This means that a Power will always try to stamp out the Black Market, or at least limit its operation if it is at all able. This isn't necessarily easy. Black Market goods can be hidden amongst normal legitimate shipments, or smuggled in by bribing corrupt officials or simply by sneaking around customs entirely.

There is however a point of saturation; when a society is so awash in illicit goods that further deliveries bring no more profit. This comes when the number of Black Market goods delivered in a year equals the population rating (per million people) of a Power. This fight for limited consumers can lead to quite vicious crime wars between rival Black Marketers as they attempt to destroy each others shipments, bases of operations and networks of distribution.

The maximum limit of Trade Goods is not affected by Black Market Goods, and vice versa, even a society flush with its maximum in Trade Goods can still accept its population rating in Black Market Goods as well.

13. Strategic Travel and Fuel

All space ships need drives

Eng 2 or Bio 5 allow ether sails that move you 0.5 GL/week with no fuel costs

Eng 5 allows ether sails that move you 1 GL/week with no fuel costs

Chem 3 allows chemical rockets that move you at 1 GL/week

Chem 4 allows fusion torches that move you 2 GL/week and allow a sprint option in combat

Chem 5 allows EAM drives that move you 3 GL/week and allow a spring option in combat

Phys 4 allows AG drives that move you 2 GL/week and give a maneuverability bonus in combat

Phys 5 allows AG drives that move you 3 GL/week and give a maneuverability bonus in combat

Move 3 allows ships to be artificed with permanent enchants or magic materials that move a ship 1 GL/week and give a maneuverability bonus in combat

Move 4 allows ships to be artificed with permanent enchants or magic materials that move a ship 2 GL/week and give a maneuverability bonus in combat

Move 5 allows ships to be artificed with permanent enchants or magic materials that move a ship 3 GL/week and give a maneuverability bonus in combat

All additional engine caps increase the base travel speed of the first by 50%. So a +2 fusion torch ship goes 4 GL/week, a +3 5 GL, etc.

1 upkeep payment of EU allows your ship to travel for two months

Fuel costs are doubled for warships above base 1 cost